Identifier: pioneersofmodern10leon (find matches)
Title: Pioneers of modern physical training
Year: 1910 (1910s)
Authors: Leonard, Fred Eugene, 1866-1922
Subjects: Physical education and training
Publisher: (New York) Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's Christian Association of North America
Contributing Library: Mugar Memorial Library, Boston University
Digitizing Sponsor: Boston Library Consortium Member Libraries

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or morethan fifty years, from July of 178G until a short time beforehis death. The exercises were commonly practiced in anopen space under the oaks which shaded a neighboring hill.Many visitors went away to spread the news of methodsfollowed here; but even more influential was the long seriesof books published by GutsMuths, some of which deservedlyrank as classics. They include Gymnastics for the Young(1793), a remarkable book on Games (1796), manuals ofSwimming (1798) and Mechanical Avocations (1801), aBook of Gymnastics for the Sons of the Fatherland (1817),and a Catechism of Gymnastics (1818). The earliestwork, our first modern manual of gymnastics, was trans-lated, in whole or part, into Danish (1799), English (Lon-don, 1800, and Philadelphia, 1802—wrongly attributed toSalzmann on the title page!), French (1803), Dutch(1806), and Swedish (1813). *Consult the American Physical Ediication Review for March, 1899 (Vol. IV.»pp. 1-18) and June, 1904 (Vol. IX., pp. 89-96 and 104-107).
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Franz Nachtegall. II. Franz Nachtegall.* Denmark was the first European state to introduce physi-cal training into its schools as an essential part of the courseand to prepare teachers of that subject by offering sys-tematic instruction in theory and method of gymnastics.The leader in this movement, and its director for fortyyears, was Franz Nachtegall (1777—184:7), whose wholelife was passed in Copenhagen. As a student in the uni-versity there he had applied himself to fencing and vaulting,and after his fathers death undertook to support himself bygiving instruction in gymnastics, at first in a private school.In 1799 he organized a gymnastic club composed of stu-dents and young merchants, and on November 5 of thesame year opened a private gymnasium, the first institutionin modern times devoted exclusively to physical training.The venture was successful from the start. When five yearslater the government established a Military Institute fortraining non-commissioned officers to teach

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