Benutzer:Asterannie/St James's

St James's is a central district in the City of Westminster, London, forming part of the West End. The area was once part of the northwestern gardens and parks of St. James's Palace. During the Restoration in the 17th century, the area was developed as a residential location for the British aristocracy, and around the 19th century was the focus of the development of their gentlemen's clubs. Once part of the parish of St Martin in the Fields, much of it formed the parish of St James from 1685 to 1922. Since the Second World War the area has transitioned from residential to commercial use.

St James's is bounded to the north by Piccadilly and Mayfair, to the west by Green Park, to the south by The Mall and St. James's Park, and to the east by Haymarket.

Toponymy

The area's name is derived from the dedication of a 12th-century leper hospital to Saint James the Less.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn The hospital site is now occupied by St James's Palace.Vorlage:Sfn The area became known as "Clubland" because of the historic presence of gentlemen's clubs.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn

The section of Regent Street (colloquially known as 'Lower Regent Street') that runs between Waterloo Place and Piccadilly Circus has been officially renamed 'Regent Street St James's'.

Urban development

Vorlage:See also St James's was once part of the same royal park as Green Park and St. James's Park. In the 1660s, Charles II gave the right to develop the area to Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans who developed it as a predominantly aristocratic residential area around a grid of streets centred on St James's Square. Until the Second World War, St James's remained one of the most exclusive residential enclaves in London. Notable residences include St James's Palace, Clarence House, Marlborough House, Lancaster House, Spencer House, Schomberg House, Norfolk House and Bridgewater House.

Governance

Historical

St James's was in the ancient parish of St Martin in the Fields in the Liberty of Westminster. Attempts made in 1664, 1668 and 1670 to separate St James's from the parish were resisted by St Martin's vestry.Vorlage:Sfn The building of St James's Church, Piccadilly in 1684 forced the issue, and a new parish of St James within the Liberty of Westminster was created in 1685. The parish stretched from Oxford Street in the north to Pall Mall in the south. It roughly corresponded to the contemporary St James's area, but extended into parts of Soho and Mayfair. Land south of Pall Mall remained in St Martin in the Fields' parish, and St James's Park was split between the parishes of St Martin and St Margaret. St James's Palace was an extra-parochial area and not part of any parish. A select vestry was created for the new parish.

Local government

For elections to Westminster City Council, the area is part of the St James's ward. The ward includes Covent Garden, the Strand, Westminster and part of Mayfair. The ward elects three councillors.

Notable streets

City of Westminster green plaque for Henry Jermyn, Earl of St Albans (1605–1684), located in Duke of York Street, London SW1

Notable streets include:

• St James's Square, which retains many of its original houses but is mostly in office use. The London Library is located there.
• Jermyn Street, an upmarket retail street best known for bespoke shirtmakers and shops offering the finest gentlemen's attire.
• Pall Mall, which contains many of London's gentlemen's clubs. It is also home to Marlborough House, the seat of the Commonwealth Secretariat, and the Québec Government Office in London.Vorlage:Sfn
• Crown Passage, a narrow street which splits off from Pall Mall opposite Marlborough House and is home to the Red Lion, one of the oldest pubs in London's West End to still be in business.
• Haymarket was once the best-known centre of prostitution in London, but no trace remains of this part of its past. It contains two historic theatres: the Haymarket Theatre and Her Majesty's Theatre.
• Carlton House Terrace, a pair of grand terraces of houses designed by John Nash overlooking St. James's Park.
• St James's Street, which runs down from Piccadilly to St James's Palace.

Street name etymologies

The following utilises the generally accepted boundaries of St James’s, viz. Piccadilly to the north, Haymarket and Cockspur Street to the east, The Mall to the south and Queen's Walk to the west.

• St Alban's Street – after Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of Saint Albans, 17th century politician and local landownerVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Angel Court – thought to be after a former inn of this nameVorlage:Sfn
• Apple Tree Yard – thought to be after the apple trees formerly to be found here; formerly Angier StreetVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Arlington Street – after Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, 17th century statesman and local landownerVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Babmaes Street – named after Baptist May (or Mays), trustee to local landowner Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of Saint Albans; it was formerly known as Babmay's MewsVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Bennet Street – after Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, 17th century statesman and local landownerVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Blue Ball Yard – after the former 18th century Blew Ball tavern hereVorlage:Sfn
• Bury Street – after Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of Saint Albans and Baron Jermyn of St Edmundsbury (Bury St Edmunds), 17th century politician and local landownerVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Carlton Gardens, Carlton Street and Carlton House Terrace – after the former Carlton House, built here in 1709 for Henry Boyle, 1st Baron CarletonVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Catherine Wheel Yard – from the name of an inn that stood on this site until it burnt down in 1895Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Charing Cross – after the Eleanor cross at Charing, from the Old English word "cierring", referring to a bend in the River ThamesVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Charles II Street – named after Charles II, king when this street was builtVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Church Place – after the adjacent St James's Church, Piccadilly; formerly Church PassageVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Cleveland Place and Cleveland Row – after Cleveland House (now Bridgwater House), named for Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland who lived there in the late 17th centuryVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Cockspur Court and Cockspur Street – unknown, though possibly after the cock fighting that formerly occurred here, cocks often having spurs attached to their feet during fightsVorlage:Sfn
• Crown Passage – thought to be after a former tavern of this nameVorlage:Sfn
• Duke Street, St James's and Duke of York Street – named after James II, Duke of York when the street was built and brother to Charles II, king at the timeVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Eagle Place
• Haymarket – site of a former market selling hay until the 1830sVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• St James's Market, St James's Place, St James's Square, St James's Street and Little St James's Street – all from St James's Palace,Vorlage:Sfn built on the site of the medieval St James's leper hospital which was dedicated to St James the Less, apostle and Bishop of Jerusalem,Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn or, according to Sheila Fairfield, writing in The Streets of London (1983), to the other apostle James, son of ZebedeeVorlage:Sfn
• Jermyn Street – after Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of Saint Albans, 17th century politician and local landownerVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• King Street – named after Charles II, king when this street was built in the 1600sVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• The Mall – built as a course for playing the game pall-mall, fashionable in the 17th centuryVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Marlborough Road – after the adjacent Marlborough House, built for Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough in 1711Vorlage:Sfn
• Mason's Yard – after the local 18th century victualler Henry Mason; it was formerly known as West Stable YardVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Norris Street – after Godfrye Norris, local leaseholder in the 17th centuryVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Ormond Yard – after James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, who owned a house next to this yard in the 17th centuryVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Pall Mall and Pall Mall Place – laid out as a grounds for playing the game pall-mall in the 17th centuryVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Park Place – after the nearby Green ParkVorlage:Sfn
• Piccadilly, Piccadilly Arcade and Piccadilly Circus – after Piccadilly Hall, home of local tailor Robert Baker in the 17th century, believed to be named after the piccadills –cut-work lace trimming used for hems or fashionable broad collars of the 16th and 17th century– which made his fortune. Circus is a British term for an older-style circular road junction; it was laid out by John Nash in 1819Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Pickering Place – after William Pickering, local painter, stainer and grocer, who leased property here in the 1730sVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Princes Arcade – built 1929–1933, named after the former Prince's Hotel, which stood hereVorlage:Sfn
• Princes Place
• Queen's Walk – after Caroline of Ansbach, wife of George II, who took a strong interest in the Royal ParksVorlage:Sfn
• Regent Street – made in the 1810s by John Nash and named after the Prince Regent, later George IVVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Rose and Crown Yard – unknown, probably after a former inn of this nameVorlage:Sfn
• Royal Opera Arcade – originally part of an opera house theatre, built by John NashVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Russell Court – after the Russell family, who lived here in the 1600sVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Ryder Court, Ryder Street and Ryder Yard – after Richard Rider, Master Carpenter to Charles IIVorlage:Sfn
• Spring Gardens – after the 17th century pleasure grounds of this name which formerly lay on this site; they were closed in 1660Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Stable Yard and Stable Yard Road – as they leads to the stables of St James's PalaceVorlage:Sfn
• Warwick House Street – formerly approached Warwick House, built in the 17th century for Sir Philip WarwickVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
• Waterloo Place – after the Battle of Waterloo which ended the Napoleonic WarsVorlage:Sfn

Economy

St James's is a predominantly commercial area with some of the highest rents in London and, consequently, the world. The auction house Christie's is based in King Street, and the surrounding streets contain many upmarket art and antique dealers including Colnaghi, Agnew's Gallery, Moretti Fine Art, Hazlitt, Gooden & Fox, Stoppenbach & Delestre Ltd, The Sladmore Gallery and S Franses Ltd.

BP is headquartered in St James's. The area is home to fine wine merchants including Berry Brothers and Rudd, at number 3 St James's Street. Adjoining St James's Street is Jermyn Street, famous for tailoring. Some famous cigar retailers are at 35 St James's Street, occupied by Davidoff of London; J.J. Fox at 19 St James's Street and Dunhill at 50 Jermyn St.

Shoemaker, Wildsmith, designers of the first loafer, was located at 41 Duke Street but is now at 13 Savile Row.

Culture

White Cube gallery in Mason's Yard, St James's

Institute of Contemporary Arts

Art galleries catering for a spectrum of tastes occupy premises in the area. The White Cube gallery, which represents Damien Hirst and Tracey Emin, opened in Duke Street before moving to Hoxton Square. In September 2006, it opened a second gallery at 25–26 Mason's Yard, off Duke Street, on a plot previously occupied by an electricity substation. The gallery is the first free-standing building to be built in the area for more than 30 years.

Other notable modern and contemporary art dealers in the St James's area include Helly Nahmad Gallery, Paisnel Gallery, Bernard Jacobson Gallery, Thomas Dane, Whitford Fine Art and Panter & Hall.

On the southernmost border of St James's is The Mall where The Institute of Contemporary Arts and the Mall Galleries are located.

Clubland

Vorlage:Further St James's is home to many of the best known gentlemen's clubs in London, and sometimes, though not as often as formerly, referred to as "Clubland". The clubs are organisations of English high society. A variety of groups come together here, such as military officers, politicians, motoring enthusiasts, yachtsmen, and other groups. In 1990, the Carlton Club, traditional meeting place for members of the Conservative Party, was struck by an IRA bomb.

See also

• List of schools in the City of Westminster
• Townhouse (Great Britain), for the aristocratic nature of speculative building in the development of St James's

References

Sources

• Gillian Bebbington: London street names. Batsford, London 1972, ISBN 978-0-7134-0140-0 (archive.org). 
• Sheila Fairfield: The streets of London: A dictionary of the names and their origins. Macmillan, London 1983, ISBN 978-0-333-28649-4 (archive.org). 
• J. P. Griffin: London's medieval hospitals and the Reformation. In: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 32. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, S. 72–76, PMID 9507445, PMC 9662966 (freier Volltext). 
• Anthony David Mills: A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001, ISBN 978-0-19-280106-7 (archive.org). 
• Simon Roffey: Medieval Leper Hospitals in England: An Archaeological Perspective. In: Medieval Archaeology. 56. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, November 2012, [Brief mention (only) of St James's Hospital for leprous women], S. 203–233, doi:10.1179/0076609712Z.0000000007: „Some hospitals were perhaps more specific, such as St James the Less in London, which apparently just catered for leprous women."Vorlage:Nbsp... "The hospital was later replaced in the 16th century by the Palace of St James. Excavations in the 1920s and 1990s revealed evidence for a 12th-century chapel on the site.“  Citing:
  • Pamela A Greenwood, Catharine Maloney: London Fieldwork and Publication Round-up 1994. In: London Archaeologist. 7. Jahrgang, Nr. 13, 1995, S. 333–354, doi:10.5284/1070869 (archaeologydataservice.ac.uk [abgerufen am 23. Juni 2023]): „St James's Palace, State Apartments, Pall Mall:Vorlage:Nbsp... The earliest recorded depositsVorlage:Nbsp... both dated to the late 11th / early 12th c. They were succeeded byVorlage:Nbsp... a building Vorlage:Nbsp... identified as the leper hospital of St James the Less.“ 
• F. H. W. Sheppard (Hrsg.): Survey of London: St James Westminster, Part 1. 29 and 30. London County Council, London 1960 (british-history.ac.uk).  Vorlage:Free access Chapters:
  • "Cleveland Row", in Survey of London: St James Westminster, Part 1, Vol. 29 and 30. Chapter XXVII, pp.Vorlage:Nbsp487–509
  • "Duke of York Street", in Survey of London: St James Westminster, Part 1, Vol. 29 and 30. Chapter XI, pp.Vorlage:Nbsp285–287
  • "St. James's Street, East Side", in Survey of London: St James Westminster, Part 1, Vol. 29 and 30. Chapter XIV, pp.Vorlage:Nbsp433–458
  • "Piccadilly, South Side", in Survey of London: St James Westminster, Part 1, Vol. 29 and 30. Chapter IX, pp.Vorlage:Nbsp251–270
  • "Pall Mall", in Survey of London: St James Westminster, Part 1, Vol. 29 and 30. Chapter XVII, pp.Vorlage:Nbsp322–324
  • "The Parish and Vestry of St. James", in Survey of London: St James Westminster, Part 1, Vol. 29 and 30. Chapter II, pp.Vorlage:Nbsp29–30
• Edward Walford: Old and New London. Band 4. Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London 1878, Pall Mall–Clubland, S. 140–164 (british-history.ac.uk).  Vorlage:Free access

Further reading

• Vorlage:Citation

External links

• St James's Westminster, Part 1 – a volume of the Survey of London which provides a very detailed architectural history of most of St James's. However a few sections of the parish of St James's fall outside the district, so they are omitted (map).
• Map of St James's and surrounding areas web.archive.org Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/ParameterVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL
• Clubland at Virtual London
• Tourist Information on St James's
• Area website for St James's with profiles on shops, restaurants and galleries in the area and a full events calendar
• Peter Stone: St. James's Park – from leper hospital to royal park. In: The History of London. Abgerufen im 1. Januar 1  General interest London history website from Peter Stone

Category:Districts of the City of Westminster Category:Areas of London Category:City of Westminster