Benutzer:Shi Annan/Außenbeziehungen Turkmenistan

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Die Außenbeziehungen Turkmenistan beschreiben die internationalen Beziehungen Turkmenistans. 1995 wurde Turkmenistans Erklärung der „dauerhaften Neutralität“ („permanent neutrality“) von den Vereinten Nationen formal anerkannt. Der ehamalig Präsident Saparmyrat Nyýazow erklärte, dass es die Neutralität Turkmenistan nicht erlauben würde, an multi-nationalen Verteidigungsorganisationen teilzunehmen, jedoch militärische Unterstützung erlaubt. Die neutral foreign policy has an important place in the country's constitution. Although the Government of Turkmenistan claims to favour trade with and export to the United States, and Turkey, its single largest commercial partner is China, which buys the vast bulk of Turkmen natural gas via the Central Asia–China gas pipeline. Turkmenistan has significant commercial relationships with Russia and Iran and growing cross-border trade with Afghanistan. The Government of Turkmenistan often appears to use the conflicting interests of these regional powers as a means to extract concessions, especially on energy issues.

Internationale Kontroversen

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Signing of the Caspian Sea convention in 2018 brought only partial resolution of boundary disputes in the Caspian. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan have disputes over water-sharing. Turkmenistan shares a long border with Afghanistan, a principal producer of heroin and opium. As a result, a large volume of narcotics are trafficked through Turkmenistan on their way to lucrative markets in Europe and Russia.[1]

Natural resources

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Turkmenistan is rich in natural gas, and currently sells most of its gas to China. Turkmenistan unilaterally cut off exports of pipeline natural gas to Iran in 2017 over a payment arrears dispute. Russia ceased buying gas from Turkmenistan in 2016, but resumed small purchases of pipeline gas in 2019. Afghanistan buys liquid petroleum gas, shipped by rail to Ymamnazar and Torghundi for onward delivery by truck. Pakistan provides Turkmenistan warm water as well as Iran and Russia.

Turkmenistan is a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing energy security, convergence of member state energy markets on the basis of EU internal energy market principles, supporting sustainable energy development, and attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest.[2]

Turkmenistan is a member of the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Islamic Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and the International Organization of Turkic Culture.

Turkmenistan maintains permanent representatives to the United Nations offices in New York City, Vienna, and Geneva.

The United Nations maintains a permanent representation staffed by a resident coordinator along with representatives of some UN agencies in Ashgabat. The Asian Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and European Union have missions in Ashgabat, as well.

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Turkmenistan maintains diplomatic relations with:[3]

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Bilateral relations

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Vorlage:Flag 21 February 1992

See Afghanistan–Turkmenistan relations

Afghanistan has an embassy in Ashgabat and a consulate in Mary. Turkmenistan has an embassy in Kabul plus consulates in Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif.[4][5] The rise of India as an economic giant and its increasing energy needs make Turkmenistan and Central Asia energy markets of choice for that country and also China. The Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline (TAPI) has been one of the most important regional initiatives to be undertaken by these countries. The agreement to build the pipeline to transport Turkmen gas to Afghanistan and Pakistan and beyond to India was signed in 2010. In addition, Afghanistan depends on Turkmenistan for meeting a large part of the country's electricity needs. At present, Afghanistan imports more than 320 million kilowatt hours of electricity every year from Turkmenistan.

In 2011, Turkmenistan agreed to build a 150-km extension to a railway line to connect the rail line to Serhetabat to Andkhoy in Faryab province, Afghanistan. In February 2018, the existing rail line between Serhetabat and Torghundi in Afghanistan was restored to service.[6][7] This line is planned to be extended to Herat, where it could potentially connect to a rail line under construction from Khaf, Iran.[8] The line to Andkhoy went into service in January 2021.

In 2013, work began on a link from Kerki via Ymamnazar on the Turkmen-Afghan border to Aqina in Andkhoy District. This link was opened in November 2016.[9] It was extended 38 km to Andkhoy in January 2021,[10] and is intended eventually to become part of a railway corridor through northern Afghanistan, linking it via Sherkhan Bandar, Mazar-i-Sharif and Kunduz to Tajikistan.

As of 1 April 2011, there were 44 enterprises with Afghan assets in Turkmenistan.

Though Turkmenistan has not recognized the Taliban's state, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, it has facilitated the Taliban's appointment of diplomats to the Afghan Embassy in Ashgabat. The current chargé d'affaires is Fazal Muhammad Sabir, appointed in March 2022.[11][12][13]

Vorlage:Flag 24 March 1994

Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 24, 1994.[14]

Vorlage:Flag 9 October 1992 See Armenia–Turkmenistan relations
Vorlage:Flag 16 October 1992 See Austria–Turkmenistan relations

Turkmenistan has an embassy in Vienna, which doubles as the permanent mission to United Nations agencies in Vienna.

Vorlage:Flag 9 June 1992

The two countries have embassies in each other's capitals. Despite close linguistic affinities (Turkmen and Azerbaijani are about 65 percent mutually intelligible), Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan suffer from a strained relationship, in part because Turkmenistan is majority Sunni and Azerbaijan is majority Shi'a. Nonetheless the two countries have begun to cooperate more in commercial spheres, most notably with signing of a memorandum in 2020 on joint exploitation of the cross-boundary Serdar oil field in the Caspian.

Vorlage:Flag 21 January 1993 See Belarus–Turkmenistan relations
  • Formal relations were established in 1993
  • Belarus has an embassy in Ashgabat.
  • Turkmenistan has an embassy in Minsk.

Roughly 12,000 to 13,000 Turkmen university students are matriculated annually in Belarusian institutions of higher education.

Vorlage:Flag 11 September 1996

The countries established diplomatic relations on 11 September 1996.[15]

Vorlage:Flag 6 April 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 April 1995.

Vorlage:Flag 6 January 1992 See China-Turkmenistan relations

The two countries have embassies in each other's capitals. The relationship is dominated by China's position as the largest importer by far of natural gas from Turkmenistan, making China Turkmenistan's largest source of foreign exchange earnings. China offers free higher education to several hundred Turkmen students each year.

Vorlage:Flag 2 July 1996 See Croatia–Turkmenistan relations[15]
Vorlage:Flag 4 July 2017

The countries established diplomatic relations on July 4, 2017.[14]

Vorlage:Flag 13 October 2016

Both countries established diplomatic relations on October 13, 2016.[16]

Vorlage:Flag 6 March 1992 See France–Turkmenistan relations

Diplomatic relations were established with the March 6, 1992 signing of the Protocol. Turkmenistan has an embassy in Paris and France has an embassy in Ashgabat. The French construction company Bouygues, the second-largest in Turkmenistan, has signed many construction contracts. The French company Thales Alenia Space constructed the first space satellite TürkmenÄlem 52°E / MonacoSAT.

Vorlage:Flag 8 July 1992

Georgia has an embassy in Ashgabat, and Turkmenistan has an embassy in Tbilisi.[5][4][17]

Vorlage:Flag 6 March 1992

The two countries have embassies in each other's capitals. Turkmenistan have a consulate in Frankfurt am Main. Two German banks, Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank, have offices in Ashgabat, since much of Turkmenistan's foreign exchange accounts are held in those two German banks. Such German firms as Siemens and Claas have made significant sales of medical and agricultural equipment, respectively, to Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan Air offers scheduled service to Frankfurt am Main.

Vorlage:Flag 11 June 1997

Both countries established diplomatic relations on June 11, 1997.[14]

Vorlage:Flag 10 July 1996

The Vatican maintains a nunciature in Ashgabat, although the nuncio is resident in Ankara. The Turkmen ambassador in Rome is multiple-accredited, including to the Holy See.

Vorlage:Flag 13 February 1997

Both countries established diplomatic relations on February 13, 1997.[14]

Vorlage:Flag 20 April 1992 See India-Turkmenistan relations

India and Turkmenistan have embassies in each other's capitals. Turkmenistan Airlines operates flights between Ashgabat and both New Delhi and Amritsar, which connect in Ashgabat to flights to London and Birmingham. India is a destination for medical tourism by middle-class Turkmen. To some degree the relationship is framed by Turkmenistan's desire to export natural gas to India via the Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline.

Vorlage:Flag 18 February 1992 See Iran–Turkmenistan relations

Iran and Turkmenistan have had relations since Turkmenistan's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Iran has an embassy in Ashgabat and a consulate in Mary. Turkmenistan has an embassy in Teheran and a consulate in Mashhad.[5] Iran was the second nation to recognize Turkmenistan as an independent nation.[4] Since then, the two countries have cooperated in the economic, infrastructure, and energy sectors. The $139 million Korpeje-Kurt Kui gas pipeline in western Turkmenistan and the $167 million Dostluk ("friendship" in Turkmen) Dam in the south of the country were built through a joint venture. The Caspian Sea territorial boundaries are a cause of tension between the two. Iran's Islamic theocracy and Turkmenistan's secular dictatorship also prevent the development of a closer friendship.

Vorlage:Flag 8 October 1993

Israel has an embassy in Ashgabat.

Vorlage:Flag 9 June 1992

Italy and Turkmenistan have embassies in each other's capitals. The Turkmen ambassador in Rome is also accredited to the United Nations agencies there, and to the Holy See. The relationship is dominated by the presence of Italian petroleum firm Eni, which operates oil wells in the Caspian Sea under a production sharing agreement.

Vorlage:Flag 22 April 1992

Diplomatic relations between Japan and Turkmenistan were established in April 1992. Japan opened an embassy at Ashgabat in January 2005, and Turkmenistan opened an embassy in Tokyo in May 2013.[18] Japan is heavily involved in operation of the Oguz Han Engineering Technology University in Ashgabat. The Japan Bank for International Cooperation has financed several major industrial projects in Turkmenistan, including plants constructed with participation of Kawasaki and Sumitomo.

Vorlage:Flag 5 October 1992
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ashgabat and a consulate in Turkmenbashy.
  • Turkmenistan has an embassy in Astana and a consulate in Aktau.
Vorlage:Flag 5 October 1992 See Kyrgyzstan-Turkmenistan relations

The two countries have embassies in each other's capitals.

Vorlage:Flag 8 December 1992

Libya maintains an economic and commercial office rather than an embassy in Ashgabat.

Vorlage:Flag 17 May 1992 See Malaysia-Turkmenistan relations

Turkmen-Malaysian relations mainly revolve around the work of the Malaysian state petroleum corporation, Petronas, which extracts petroleum condensate in the Caspian Sea. Turkmenistan Airlines offers scheduled service between Ashgabat and Kuala Lumpur.

Vorlage:Flag 27 March 1992
  • Mexico is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
  • Turkmenistan is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Vorlage:Flag 21 June 1996

The countries established diplomatic relations on June 21, 1996.[14]

Vorlage:Flag 10 May 1992 See Pakistan–Turkmenistan relations
  • Formal relations were established on May 10, 1992. The countries have embassies in each other's capitals.
  • To celebrate the 10th anniversary of Turkmenistan's independence in 2001 Pakistan issued stamps bearing the flag of Turkmenistan.[19]
Vorlage:Flag 17 April 1992
  • Palestine has an embassy in Ashgabat.
Vorlage:Flag 29 September 1992 See Poland–Turkmenistan relations
Vorlage:Flag 22 November 1996

Qatar has an embassy in Ashgabat. Turkmenistan has no permanent diplomatic representation in Doha

Vorlage:Flag 21 July 1992

The two countries have embassies in each other's capitals. Romania's primary interest is development of the Lapis Lazuli corridor, which would use Romanian seaports on the Black Sea.

Vorlage:Flag 8 April 1992 See Russia–Turkmenistan relations
Vorlage:Flag 22 February 1992[15]

Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Ashgabat, and Turkmenistan has an embassy in Riyadh.

Vorlage:Flag 7 February 1992

Diplomatic relations were established on February 7, 1992. The countries have embassies in each other's capitals.[4][5] South Korean firms such as Hyundai and LG have won major contracts for building industrial plants.

Vorlage:Flag 19 March 1992
  • Spain is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Turkmenistan is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Vorlage:Flag 25 June 1999

The countries established diplomatic relations on June 25, 1999.[15]

Vorlage:Flag 10 April 1992[15] Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 10, 1992.
Vorlage:Flag 13 July 1992

Turkmenistan maintains a diplomatic mission in Geneva, which doubles as its embassy to Switzerland and is permanent representative to United Nations agencies in Geneva as well as to the World Trade Organization. The Swiss ambassador in Baku is accredited to Turkmenistan.

Vorlage:Flag 27 January 1993[15]

The two countries have embassies in each other's capitals.

Vorlage:Flag 29 February 1992[22][15] See Turkey–Turkmenistan relations
Vorlage:Flag 10 October 1992

Ukraine and Turkmenistan have embassies in each other's capitals.[4][5] Ukrainian companies have been involved in major construction projects, including the rail and automobile bridges across the Amu Darya at Türkmenabat.

Vorlage:Flag 10 October 1995

The countries have embassies in each other's capitals. In addition, Turkmenistan has a consulate in Dubai. The Emirates are a major entrepot for imports of foodstuffs and consumer items into Turkmenistan. In addition, one of three oil-drilling concessions in the Caspian Sea is held by Dragon Oil, which is wholly owned by the Emirates National Oil Company. The international office of Turkmenistan's TAPI Pipeline Company is in Dubai.

Vorlage:Flag 23 January 1992
  • The United Kingdom has an embassy in Ashgabat.[24]
  • Turkmenistan has an embassy in London.[25]
Vorlage:Flag 10 April 1992 See Turkmenistan–United States relations

The United States and Turkmenistan continue to disagree about the latter country's path toward democratic and economic reform. The United States has publicly advocated industrial and agricultural privatization, market liberalization, and fiscal reform, as well as legal and regulatory reforms to open up the economy to foreign trade and investment, as the best way to achieve prosperity and true independence and sovereignty.

Vorlage:Flag 7 February 1993 See Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan relations
  • Turkmenistan has an embassy in Tashkent.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Ashgabat.
Vorlage:Flag 30 April 1996[15]
  • Venezuela briefly opened an embassy in Ashgabat following a state visit by Hugo Chávez, but the staff returned to Teheran after six months. A chancery is located in Ashgabat, but the bilateral relationship is managed by the Venezuelan embassy in Iran.
Vorlage:Flag 22 March 1999

Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 22, 1999.[14]

Vorlage:Reflist


[[Category:Foreign relations of Turkmenistan| ]] [[Category:International organization membership by country|Turkmenistan]]

  1. Illicit Drug Trends in Central Asia. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, April 2008, S. 21, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2021.
  2. INOGATE. Abgerufen am 21. Februar 2015.
  3. STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS. Abgerufen am 17. März 2022.
  4. a b c d e f DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIONS OF FOREIGN STATES AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ACCREDITED IN TURKMENISTAN. Abgerufen am 17. April 2021.
  5. a b c d e f DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND CONSULAR OFFICES OF TURKMENISTAN ABROAD. Abgerufen am 17. April 2021.
  6. TRAIN SERVICE OPENS ON NEW TURKMEN-AFGHAN RAILWAY: SERHETABAT–TORGHUNDI, Turkmenistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, February 24, 2018. Abgerufen im April 17, 2021 
  7. Torghundi and the railway from Turkmenistan. Andrew Grantham, abgerufen am 17. April 2021.
  8. Oliver Cuenca: Iran – Afghanistan railway ready for traffic, International Railway Journal, December 9, 2020. Abgerufen im April 17, 2021 
  9. Zarghona Salehai: Afghan-Turkmenistan railroad inaugurated, Pajhwok Afghan News, 28 November 2016. Abgerufen im 17 January 2017 
  10. Туркменский и афганский лидеры запустили ж/д путь Акина-Андхой и ЛЭП Керки-Шиберган, SNG Today, 14 January 2021. Abgerufen im 17 April 2021 (russian). 
  11. Turkmenistan: Berdymukhamedov passes the mantle (and phone). In: Eurasianet. 22. März 2022, abgerufen am 6. April 2022.
  12. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan: Appointed by IEA MFA, Mr. Mohammad Fazel Saber was introduced in a ceremony as chargé d'affaires to his colleagues at the Afghan Embassy in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, yesterday. 19. März 2022, abgerufen am 6. April 2022.
  13. IEA introduces caretaker ambassador to Turkmenistan In: Ariana News, 17 March 2022. Abgerufen im 6 April 2022 
  14. a b c d e f States with Which Turkmenistan Established Diplomatic Relations. Abgerufen am 19. Februar 2019.
  15. a b c d e f g h i STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS. Abgerufen am 19. Februar 2019.
  16. Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations with the Commonwealth of Dominica. Archiviert vom Original am 12. November 2016; abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2016.
  17. Relations between Georgia and Turkmenistan. Abgerufen am 17. April 2021.
  18. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) of Japan. Abgerufen am 29. Juli 2016.
  19. 10th Anniversary of Independence of Turkmenistan. Abgerufen am 21. Februar 2015.
  20. Russian Embassy in Turkmenistan web.archive.org Fehler bei Vorlage * Parametername unbekannt (Vorlage:Webarchiv): "date"Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Parameter Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: Genau einer der Parameter 'wayback', 'webciteID', 'archive-today', 'archive-is' oder 'archiv-url' muss angegeben werden.Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: enWP-Wert im Parameter 'url'. Vorlage:In lang
  21. Turkmenistan Embassy in Russia web.archive.org Fehler bei Vorlage * Parametername unbekannt (Vorlage:Webarchiv): "date"Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Parameter Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: Genau einer der Parameter 'wayback', 'webciteID', 'archive-today', 'archive-is' oder 'archiv-url' muss angegeben werden.Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: enWP-Wert im Parameter 'url'. Vorlage:In lang
  22. a b Relations between Turkey and Turkmenistan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, abgerufen am 6. Oktober 2020.
  23. Economic Relations between Turkey and Turkmenistan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, abgerufen am 6. Oktober 2020.
  24. British Embassy Ashgabat - GOV.UK. In: UK Government. Abgerufen am 25. Juli 2020.
  25. Home | LONDON, UK - EMBASSY OF TURKMENISTAN. In: Embassy of Turkmenistan - UK, London. Abgerufen am 25. Juli 2020.