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Vorlage:Use dmy dates Vorlage:Infobox person Jacob Christiaan Koningsberger (17 January 1867 – 19 March 1951) was a Dutch biologist and politician. He spent much of his life in the Dutch East Indies, where he wrote extensively about the flora and fauna of Java. He was extensively involved in the Lands Plantentuin in Buitenzorg (now the Bogor Botanical Gardens in Bogor), serving as its director between 1910 and 1918. In politics, he served as the first chairman of the Volksraad (1918–1919), as well as Minister of the Colonies under Dirk Jan de Geer (1926–1929). An independent, he had liberal leanings and allowed more indigenous representation in governance.

Early life

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Koningsberger was born in Hazerswoude, South Holland, Netherlands, on 17 January 1867. The son of Victor Jacob Koningsberger, a minister with the Dutch Reformed Church, and Josina Cornelia Tieleman, Koningsberger moved to Utrecht in 1871. He completed his studies in that city, ultimately receiving a degree in biology from Utrecht University in 1889; he also studied mathematics. After some time as an assistant to the botanist N.W.P. Rauwenhoff, on 28 October 1891 Koningsberger defended his doctoral thesis: Bijdrage tot de kennis der zetmeelvorming bij de angiospermen (Contribution to the Knowledge of Starch Formation in Angiosperms).Vorlage:Sfn

In 1894, after teaching botany and zoology in 's-Hertogenbosch, Koningsberger departed for the Dutch East Indies. In the colony, he focused primarily on the pests that affected coffee cultivation; he produced a two-volume treatise on this subject, De dierlijke vijanden der koffiecultuur op Java (The Animal Enemies of Coffee Culture in Java, 1897 and 1901). By 1898 he was working for the Lands Plantentuin in Buitenzorg (now the Bogor Botanical Gardens in Bogor) under Melchior Treub. He was entrusted with the Xth Department for Agricultural-Zoological Research,Vorlage:Sfn and in 1894 he established the Landbouw Zoologish (now the Bogor Zoology Museum).Vorlage:Sfn

Koningsberger returned to the Netherlands in 1899, but had begun working the Indies again by the early 1900s. During this second period in the Indies, Koningsberger wrote several papers on crop diseases. He also produced a twelve-volume text on the flora and fauna found in Java, Java, zoölogisch en biologisch (Java, Zoology and Biology); this was the first zoological profile of the island.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn During this period, Koningsberger promoted nature conservation in the Indies, and his influence facilitated the passage of the colony's first conservation law in 1910.Vorlage:Sfn

In 1910, Koningsberger was appointed the director of the Lands Plantentuin. During his leadership, a conservation area was established in Sibolangit, Deli Serdang, in 1914; it has since become a botanical garden.Vorlage:Sfn He was a vocal proponent for using "pure" science, arguing in one speech that "every contribution that further adds to the knowledge of this land's nature – still so very secretive in many ways – can only contribute to increasing the inviolability of our bill of ownership".[1]

Koningsberger spent some time as the administrator of the Landbouwschool (now part of IPB University).Vorlage:Sfn Between 1915 and 1916, he acted on behalf of Vorlage:Ill as the director of the Indies' Department of Agriculture, Industry, and Trade; he wrote that he preferred his position with the Lands Plantentuin, as it had fewer administrative challenges.Vorlage:Sfn

Political career

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In his capacity as the director of the Lands Plantentuin, Koningsberger regularly interacted with the Governors-General of the Dutch East Indies, including Alexander Idenburg and Johan Paul van Limburg Stirum. Through these connections, he gained a reputation for non-partisanship and intelligence; consequently, Koningsberger was made the chairman of the Volksraad for the 1918–1919 period.Vorlage:Sfn According to the Dutch historian Vorlage:Ill, this leadership was unsuccessful; Koningsberger was uncomfortable with his role, and perceived by the Governor-General as failing to direct discussions within the body.Vorlage:Sfn

Following the flu epidemic of 1918, which afflicted Koningsberger as well as thousands in Java, he decided to return to the Netherlands with his family. They moved to Utrecht, where he chaired the Jaarbeurs and administered the Vorlage:Ill (now the Rijks Veeartsenijschool).Vorlage:Sfn He remained involved in discussion over the fate of the Indies, supporting the Dutch Ethical Policy and its approach to political development whilst simultaneously advocating for continued Dutch leadership. In a 1925 speech, he emphasized that that the Netherlands required an ethical policy both to pay its debt of honour to the indigenous population and to acknowledge the growing sense of nation in the colony.Vorlage:Sfn

On 8 March 1926, Koningsberger was made Minister of the Colonies by Prime Minister Dirk Jan de Geer.Vorlage:Sfn At the time, he was not affiliated with a political party, though he had liberal leanings.Vorlage:Sfn On 26 March, he appointed Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. Feeling too distanced from the contemporary situation in the Indies to make effective policy, he entrusted most issues to de Graeff and sought to avoid conflict. He did, however, allow indigenous representation in the Council of the Indies and oversaw an indigenous majority in the Volksraad. Consequently, he was criticized by his predecessor, Charles Welter, as a mouthpiece of the Indies government.Vorlage:Sfn Even as he opened these opportunities, he continued to espouse the importance of maintaining Dutch leadership, rejecting the idea of departing from Western codes of law in favour of certain population groups.Vorlage:Sfn

Later life

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Koningsberger on Mount Gede with a Javanese edelweiss, c. 1942

When de Geer resigned on 10 August 1929, Koningsberger returned to private life. He wrote several memoires of his time in the Indies.Vorlage:Sfn He was also involved in several conservation organizations, co-founding the Netherlands Commission for International Nature Conservation (Nederlandse Commissie voor Internationale Natuurbescherming) in 1929 and serving a member of the board on the Vereniging Natuurmonumenten in 1934.Vorlage:Sfn He died in Scheveningen, Den Haag, Netherlands, on 19 March 1951, after a brief illness. He was interred at the Den en Rust Cemetery in Utrecht.Vorlage:Sfn

In recognition of his service, Koningsberger received several honours. He was appointed a Commander in the Order of Orange-Nassau, as well as a Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion. He also received the Legion of Honour, the Order of the Crown, and the Order of the Black Star.Vorlage:Sfn

Personal life

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Koningsberger was married twice. On 29 March 1894, he married Manuella Ursule Mariana Hellendoorn, with whom he had two sons. Three years after her 1899 death, he married Bertha Rosina Margaretha Lang. The couple had one son.Vorlage:Sfn

Koningsberger's son Vorlage:Ill was a professor of botany in Utrecht,Vorlage:Sfn specializing in plant physiology; he was also the president of the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam.Vorlage:Sfn Another son, Vorlage:Ill, was a preacher with the Dutch Reformed Church and worked with the military.Vorlage:Sfn

Selected publications

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References

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Works cited

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Vorlage:S-start Vorlage:S-off Vorlage:S-bef Vorlage:S-ttl Vorlage:S-aft Vorlage:S-end Vorlage:Ministers of Colonial Affairs of the Netherlands

[[Category:1867 births]] [[Category:1951 deaths]] [[Category:Utrecht University alumni]] [[Category:Commanders of the Order of Orange-Nassau]] [[Category:Ministers of Colonial Affairs of the Netherlands]] [[Category:20th-century Dutch politicians]] [[Category:20th-century Dutch botanists]] [[Category:20th-century Dutch zoologists]] [[Category:People from Hazerswoude]] [[Category:Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion]]

  1. ↑ cited in Vorlage:Harvtxt; translation by Goss
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