Benutzer:Shi Annan/Chandra
Die Chandra-Dynastie (Vorlage:Bns, Hindi चन्द्र राजवंश) war eine Herrscher-Dynastie auf dem Indian subcontinent in der Region Samatata von Bengalen, sowie im nördlichen Arakan. Sie war Buddhismus. Später it was a neighbor to the Pala Empire to the north. Rulers of Chandra kingdom were adherents of Buddhism. Gründer der Chandra-Dynastie war der Überlieferung nach König Dvenchandra (Mahataing Chandra) 370 AD.
Geschichte[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Die Anandachandra Inscription (729 AD) mentions that the Chandra dynasty was established by Dvenchandra (or Mahataing Chandra) in 370 AD. He had assumed the throne of Waithali after the end of the Annaveta dynasty.[1] The ye Dhamma inscriptions of Queen Niti Chandra are dated to early 6th century AD based on paleographic grounds.[2]
The Chandra kingdom was one of the last Buddhist strongholds in the Indian subcontinent. The kingdom flourished as a center of the Tantric schools of Buddhism. It played a role in the diffusion of Mahayana Buddhism to Southeast Asia.[3]
The Chandras had to leave their old capital Waithali, because one of King Srichandra led invasions into Kamarupa. The Chandras played an important role in the regional politics and military history of erstwhile Bengal.
The Chandras were eventually overthrown during an invasion of the South Indian Chola dynasty.[4]
| # | King | Period | Reign (CE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ruling from Dhanyawadi and Waithali | |||
| 1 | Dvenchandra[1][5][6] | 55 | 370-425 |
| 2 | Rajachandra | 20 | 425-445 |
| 3 | Kalachandra | 9 | 445-454 |
| 4 | Devachandra | 22 | 454-476 |
| 5 | Yajnachandra | 7 | 476-483 |
| 6 | Chandrabandu | 6 | 483-489 |
| 7 | Bhumichandra | 7 | 489-496 |
| 8 | Bhutichandra | 24 | 496-520 |
| 9 | Nitichandra (Queen) | 55 | 520-575 |
| 7 | Virachandra | 3 | 575-578 |
| 11 | Pritichandra (Queen) | 12 | 578-90 |
| 12 | Prithvichandra | 7 | 590-597 |
| 13 | Dhirtichandra | 3 | 597-600 |
| 14 | Mahavira* | 12 | 600-12 |
| 15 | Virayajap* | 12 | 612-24 |
| 16 | Sevinren* | 12 | 624-36 |
| 17 | Dharmasura/Suryachandra* | 13 | 636-49 |
| 18 | Vajrashakti* | 16 | 649-65 |
| 19 | Dharmavijaya* | 36 | 665-701 |
| 20 | Narendravijaya* | 2 yr 9 months | 701-703 |
| 21 | Dharmachandra* | 16 | 703-720 |
| 22 | Anandachandra* | 9+ | 720-729+ |
| Ruling from Harikela | |||
| 1 | Traillokyachandra | 30 | 900–930 |
| 2 | Srichandra | 45 | 930–975 |
| 3 | Kalyanachandra | 25 | 975–1000 |
| 4 | Ladahachandra | 20 | 1000–1020 |
| 5 | Govindachandra | 30 | 1020–1050 |
*Note- These rulers may or may not be related to the Chandra dynasty.[5][1]
Maritime relations[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
The coastal kingdom had trade networks with states in what is now Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam. 10th century shipwrecks around the coast of Java provide evidence of maritime links between southeastern Bengal and Southeast Asia. Bronze sculptures may have been imported by the Javanese from the Chandra kingdom in southeastern Bengal. Arab merchants also traded with the kingdom.[3]
King Anandachandra mentions mission he sent to Sinhalese King Silamegha (Aggabodhi IV) (727-766)
Archaeology[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
There are numerous inscriptions dating from the period of the Chandra dynasty. The three archaeological sites associated with the dynasty include Bikrampur and Mainamati in Bangladesh and Waithali in Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma).
Education[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Chandrapur University in Shrihatta was as large as other religious institutions like Nalanda, Taxila, Mahasthangarh[7] or Odantapuri and was established before Oxford, and Cambridge universities or even the Jagaddala Vihara.[8][9][10] It was made by king Srichandra. Its exact location has not been found. Chandrapur university was unique in contrast with other universities and the viharas established by Buddhist kings in India. Its curriculum included almost all of the subjects from the Hindu Shastra except the grammar of Chandragomin who was Buddhist by religion. Moreover the students of this university were also Hindu Brahmins. The nine monasteries were overseen mainly by Hindu Brahmins.[7] This is because the Buddhist king, Srichandra, granted lands in Paschimbhag in the name of Buddha for nine Brahmin monasteries where the Chaturvedas were mainly taught. Kamalakanta Gupta referred to this grant as "unique among other Buddhist kings" since it implies Srichandra's favouritism towards Brahmins.
Land distribution among 25 classes of people, guests, and students indicates an efficient administration in the universities. According to Zafir Setu, this administrative arrangement is more consistent with the present-day university system.[9]
References[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Bibliography[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
- Singh | first=Nagendra Kr. | title=Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh | year=2003 | publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd | isbn=81-261-1390-1 | pages=7–21}}
- Majumdar | first=Ramesh Chandra | author-link=R. C. Majumdar | title=The History of Bengal | year=1943 | publisher=B.R. Publishing | location=Dacca | isbn=81-7646-237-3| pages=134–135, 192–197}}
- Chowdhury | first=Abdul Momin | title=Dynastic History of Bengal | year=1967 | publisher=The Asiatic Society of Pakistan | location=Dacca
- Chowdhury |first=A. M. |year=2012 |chapter=Chandra Dynasty, The |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chandra_Dynasty,_The |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
[[Category:Medieval Bengal]] [[Category:Dynasties of Bengal]] [[Category:Buddhist dynasties of India]]
- ↑ a b c Singer |first=Noel F. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LXw9pgWvFxUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Vaishali and the Indianization of Arakan |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0405-1 |language=en}}
- ↑ Manguin|first1=Pierre-Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ni9AlOLTFZYC&pg=PA387 |title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange|last2=Mani|first2=A.|last3=Wade|first3=Geoff|year=2011|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |pages=387– |isbn=978-981-4345-10-1|language=en}}
- ↑ a b Ghosh |first=Suchandra |year=2013 |title=Locating South Eastern Bengal in the Buddhist Network of Bay of Bengal (C. 7th Century CE-13th Century CE) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=74 |pages=148–153 |jstor=44158810}}
- ↑ [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chandra_Dynasty,_The%7Ctitle = Chandra Dynasty, the - Banglapedia}}
- ↑ a b Wicks |first=Robert S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFpdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |title=Money, Markets, and Trade in Early Southeast Asia: The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems to AD 1400 |date=2018-05-31 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-1947-9 |pages=87
- ↑ Johnston |first=E. H. |date=1944 |title=Some Sanskrit Inscriptions of Arakan |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=357–385 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00072529 |issn=0041-977X |jstor=609320}}
- ↑ a b Mohammad Mazharul Islam: প্রাচীন 'চন্দ্রপুর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়', Samakal, 17 August 2020. Abgerufen im 31 August 2020
- ↑ Mahfouz Shakil: জুড়ীতে প্রাচীন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়? অনুসন্ধানে যাচ্ছে প্রত্নতত্ত্বের দল, Kaler Kantha, 20 July 2020. Abgerufen im 12 April 2021
- ↑ a b Dwoha Choedhury: চন্দ্রপুর: যেখানে লুকিয়ে আছে দশম শতাব্দীর বিদ্যাপীঠ In: The Daily Star, 24 July 2020. Abgerufen im 27 August 2020
- ↑ Nurul Islam: শুস্ক মৌসুমে খননকাজ: মৌলভীবাজারে প্রাচীন চন্দ্রপুর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের সন্ধানে, samakal, 18 August 2020. Abgerufen im 12 April 2021