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Waldo Rudolph Tobler (November 16, 1930 – February 20, 2018) was an American-Swiss geographer and cartographer. Tobler is regarded as one of the most influential geographers and cartographers of the late 20th century and early 21st century. Tobler is most well known for his proposed idea that "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things," which has come to be referred to as the "first law of geography." He proposed a second law as well: "The phenomenon external to an area of interest affects what goes on inside."

Tobler established the discipline of analytical cartography, contributed early to Geographic information systems (GIS), and helped lay the groundwork for geographic information science (GIScience) as a discipline. He had significant contributions to computer cartography, including contributing to the literature on map projections, choropleth maps, flow maps, cartograms, animated mapping. His work with analytical cartography included contributions to the mathematical modeling of geographic phenomena, such as human movement in the creation of Tobler's hiking function.

Tobler held the positions of professor of geography and professor of statistics at University of California, Santa Barbara and was an active Professor Emeritus at the Department of Geography until his death.

Academic background

Tobler was born in Portland, Oregon and his father was a Swiss consular employee. Tobler received his B.A. (1955), M.A. (1957), and Ph.D. (1961) in the Department of Geography at the University of Washington at Seattle. At Washington, he participated in geography's William Garrison-led quantitative revolution of the late 1950s, becomming one of many of Garrison's grad students (dubbed the "space cadets") who would go on to be highly influential geographers. After graduating in 1961, Tobler became an Assistant Professor at the University of Michigan, where he remained until moving to the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1977. Until his retirement he held the positions of Professor of Geography and Professor of Statistics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The University of Zurich, Switzerland, awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1988.

Research

Tobler was one of the principal investigators and a senior scientist in the National Science Foundation-sponsored National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis. His career in geography had a profound impact on the discipline, and he is perhaps the most influential geographer of the past century. As a graduate student, he pioneered the use of computers in cartography in his 1959 paper "Automation and Cartography". This technology was extremely influential in early Geographic Information Systems. His later research emphasized mathematical modeling and graphic interpretations in geography. In the course of his research, he formulated the "first law of geography" in 1970 while producing a computer movie of Detroit. He is the inventor of novel and unusual map projections, among which is the family of Tobler hyperelliptical projections, and the first derivation of the partial differential equations for area cartograms. He also invented a method for smooth two-dimensional mass-preserving areal data redistribution. In 1989, the American Geographical Society awarded Tobler with the Osborn Maitland Miller Medal.

Tobler was involved in building a global, latitude-longitude oriented demographic information base with resolution two orders of magnitude better than was previously available. He also examined the development of smooth finite element and categorical pycnophylactic geographic information reallocation models. In July 1999 he presented a keynote speech, "The World is Shriveling as it Shrinks," at the ESRI International User Conference and was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award in GIS by ESRI. Taylor and Francis of London recently published a map projection book, co-authored with Q. Yang of China and the late John P. Snyder. More recent interests related to ideas in computational geography including the analysis of geographical vector fields and the development of migration and global trade models.

Tobler was also concerned with representing flow (due to its involvement with movement as a mechanism of geographic change). In 2003, Tobler released a freeware, Microsoft Windows-based version of his flow representation software Flow Mapper. In 2005, an ESRI ArcGIS version of the software, inspired by Tobler, was developed by Alan Glennon and Michael Goodchild at UCSB. Both versions are available from the Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science (http://vgi.spatial.ucsb.edu/clearinghouse/FlowMapper/)

Honors

• Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States;
• Honorary Fellow, American Geographical Society;
• Osborn Maitland Miller Medal, American Geographical Society 1989;
• Meritorious Contributor Medallion, Association of American Geographers, 1971;
• Andrew McNally Award, 1986;
• ESRI Lifetime Achievement Award, 1999.
• AAG Microcomputer Specialty Award, 1993.
• UCGIS Honorary Fellow, 2012;
• GIS Hall of Fame Inductee, URISA (Urban and Regional Information Systems Association), 2016.
• Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi

Tobler served on the National Research Council the Board on Earth Sciences. He has been on the editorial board of several journals, including The American Cartographer, Journal of Regional Science, Geographical Analysis, and the International Journal of Geographical Information Systems. He was a charter member of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, a council member of the Regional Science Association, member and chairman of the Mathematical Social Science Board, and served as the United States delegate to the International Geographical Union Commission on Geographical Data Processing and Sensing. Until his retirement, he was a member of the Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain.

See also

• Vorlage:Annotated link
• Vorlage:Annotated link.
• Vorlage:Annotated link
• Vorlage:Annotated link
  • Vorlage:Annotated link
  • Vorlage:Annotated link

References

General

• W. Tobler, (2002) “Ma Vie: Growing Up in America and Europe”, in Geographical Voices, W. Pitts and P. Gould, eds., University of Syracuse Press; Syracuse; pages 292–322.
• In French: (2000) “Ma Vie: Grandir en Amérique et en Europe”, dans Mémoires de Géographes, P. Gould et A. Bailly, eds., Anthropos, Paris, 209–242.

Specific

External links

• Waldo R. Tobler at UCSB
• CSISS/Flow Mapper Software
• UCSB Geography

{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tobler, Waldo R.}} [[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:American geographers]] [[Category:Swiss geographers]] [[Category:1930 births]] [[Category:2018 deaths]] [[Category:University of California, Santa Barbara faculty]] [[Category:University of Michigan faculty]] [[Category:Human geographers]] [[Category:University of Washington alumni]] [[Category:American cartographers]] [[Category:Geographic information scientists]] [[Category:People from Portland, Oregon]]