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Vorlage:Importartikel/Wartung-2022-04

Vorlage:Short description Vorlage:Use mdy dates Vorlage:Infobox U.S. legislation

The Build Back Better Bill is a bill introduced in the 117th Congress to fulfill aspects of President Joe Biden's Build Back Better Plan. It was spun off from the American Jobs Plan, alongside the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, as a $3.5 trillion Democratic reconciliation package that included provisions related to climate change and social policy. Following negotiations, the price was lowered to approximately $2.2 trillion. The bill was passed 220–213 by the House of Representatives on November 19, 2021.

In the midst of negotiations and parliamentary procedures, Senator Joe Manchin publicly pulled his support from the bill for not matching his envisioned cost of about $1.75 trillion, then subsequently retracted support for his own compromise legislation. This effectively killed the bill as it needs all 50 Democratic senators to pass via reconciliation, and there are no further discussions with him to salvage its contents as of April 2022.

Background[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Vorlage:Further Before the bill was spun off from the American Jobs Plan (AJP), on April 5, 2021, Senator Joe Manchin proposed raising the corporate tax rate from 21% to 25%, instead of the 28% Biden originally called for.[1] On May 25, Republican senators Pat Toomey and Roger Wicker indicated a lack of support within their caucus to change aspects of the 2017 tax act, and suggested repurposing unspent COVID-19 relief funds.[2][3] On May 28, Biden released details of a $6 trillion budget proposal for the fiscal year of 2022, which would raise taxes on corporations and millionaires to pay for both the AJP and the American Families Plan (AFP) over 15 years.[4][5] On June 3, White House press secretary Jen Psaki announced a tweaked AJP proposal that would not increase taxes on corporations, in exchange for closing loopholes and requiring them to pay at least 15%.[6] On June 5, finance ministers from Group of Seven announced that they would support a global 15% corporate tax minimum.[7]

On May 17, seven Democrats on the House Ways and Means Committee signed a letter to the president asking him to prioritize enhanced unemployment insurance (UI) and direct payments (in the style of those included in response to COVID-19 and the related recession) in the AFP. The letter cited Biden's promise to include the former adjusted to "economic conditions", but further that the latter also "served as [a lifeline] to families and workers that have had their lives upended by the pandemic".[8] Previously, on March 31, 21 Senate Democrats sent Biden a letter in favor of further stimulus payments and UI, and in April, the Economic Security Project reported that two additional direct payments could keep 12 million Americans out of poverty.[9]

On May 28, Senate Parliamentarian Elizabeth MacDonough indicated that the current rules dictate that the reconciliation process should not be used more than once during a fiscal year.[10] A majority in the Senate Budget Committee would be needed to change this.[11] On June 3, Senator Manchin advocated against using reconciliation, though other Democrats supported it.[12][2] On June 16, Senate Majority Leader Charles Schumer met with the Democratic members of the Senate Budget Committee to discuss the option of passing a budget resolution using reconciliation.[13] Democrats were reportedly considering such a bill around $6 trillion.[14] In late June, Manchin said he was open to adjusting the 2017 tax bill[15] and stated his support for a $2 trillion reconciliation bill.[16]

On June 24, a bipartisan group met with the president and reached a $1.2 trillion bipartisan deal focusing on physical infrastructure (such as roads, bridges, railways, water, sewage, broadband, and electric vehicles). Biden stipulated that a separate "human infrastructure" bill (such as child care, home care, and climate change) must also pass, whether through bipartisanship or reconciliation,[17] but later walked back this position.[18] White House officials stated on July 7 that legislative text was nearing completion.[19] On July 14, the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee advanced an energy bill expected to be included in the bipartisan package.[20] House Speaker Nancy Pelosi similarly stated that the House would not vote on the physical infrastructure bill until the larger bill passes in the Senate,[21][22] but later walked back this position as well, as the physical infrastructure package passed the House on November 5 and was signed into law before the larger bill had received a vote.[23]

Provisions[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Original version[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

The original version of the bill was estimated to cost $3.5 trillion. It may have increased the state and local tax deduction (SALT) deduction limit (which was set at $10,000 in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017).[24] It was also expected to include the Protecting the Right to Organize Act labor bill,[25] set a clean electricity standard called the Clean Energy Performance Program,[26] and reform immigration[27][28] to the extent allowed by reconciliation rules.[29]

On September 9, 2021, Analysis Group published a report commissioned by Evergreen Action and the Natural Resources Defense Council. It found that the plan's Clean Electricity Payment Program was expected to create 7.7 million American jobs over the next decade, generate $907 billion in economic growth, and provide state and local governments over $154 billion in tax revenue.[30]

The House Natural Resources Committee's $25.6 billion portion of the bill included a repeal of a 2017 law requiring the government to lease land at the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for drilling, and would have banned offshore drilling in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as well as the eastern Gulf of Mexico. A CCC jobs program would have been created. Money was to have been raised via an increase on royalties paid by fossil fuel companies to drill on federal lands and waters, as well as the establishment of a royalty payment for hard-rock mining.[31][32]

The House Science Committee's $45.51 billion portion included over $4 billion for NASA (although not for human space exploration).[33]

Democrats of the House Transportation Committee proposed $10 billion for transit support, $10 billion for high-speed rail, $4 billion to lower carbon emissions and $4 billion to address the division of communities by highways. Additionally, the bill allotted $2.5 billion to deal with port congestion and $1 billion to reduce aviation-caused carbon emissions.[34]

The bill was expected to generate $1.5 trillion in revenue from corporations and the wealthy.[35][36] In September, it was reported that House Democrats hoped to increase the corporate tax rate to 26.5% (between Biden's original 28% and Senator Manchin's suggested 25%)[1] as part of the reconciliation bill; the next month, it was reported that the corporate tax rate was unlikely to be increased in the bill[37] due to opposition from Senator Sinema.[38]

Progressive lawmakers pushed in early versions of the bill for funding numerous programs such as the child tax credit, earned income tax credit, and Affordable Care Act subsidies permanently or to 2025, hoping that funding would be renewed.[39][40][41]

Revised version[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

The revised version of the bill is estimated to cost approximately $2.2 trillion.[42][43] The White House's legislative framework, the costs of which were disputed by nonpartisan estimates, includes:[44][39]

  • $555 billion for clean energy and climate change provisions
  • $400 billion for childcare and preschools
  • $200 billion for child tax and earned income tax credits
  • $150 billion for home care
  • $150 billion for housing
  • $130 billion for Affordable Care Act credits
  • $90 billion for equity and other investments
  • $40 billion for higher education and workforce
  • $35 billion to expand Medicare to hearing services

Specifics of the bill include:[45]

  • An increase in the SALT deduction limit from $10,000 (expiring in 2026) to $80,000 (expiring in 2030)
  • Universal preschool for all three and four-year-olds
  • Child-care cost cap of 7% of income for parents earning up to 250% of a state's median income (including faith-based child-care that complies with ideological requirements)
  • $35-per-month limit on the cost of insulin under Medicare & limit on out-of-pocket prescription drug costs at $2,000 per year
  • Hearing benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, including coverage for a new hearing aid every five years
  • One year of expanded child tax credits
  • A provision for 4 weeks of paid family and medical leave (included in a package drafted by the House Ways and Means Committee)[46]
  • Extended Affordable Care Act subsidies
  • More than one million new affordable housing units, and modernizing existing public housing
  • Expanded home care for elderly and disabled individuals through Medicaid
  • Creation of 1–2 million new apprenticeship slots
  • Electric car tax credit of $7,500, plus an extra $4,500 for American-made vehicles built with union labor
  • New tax credits for installing solar panels or weatherizing homes

The pending payment methods are:[44]

  • $400 billion from IRS reform, including the enforcement of tax payments from taxpayers making over $400,000[47]
  • $350 billion by imposing a 15% minimum tax on foreign corporate profits
  • $325 billion via a 15% corporate minimum tax (applying to corporations making over $1 billion for three consecutive years)[48]
  • $250 billion by closing a Medicare tax loophole benefiting the wealthy
  • $230 billion from an adjusted gross income surcharge on the 0.02% most wealthy, applying a 5% rate for those who make $10 million, and an additional 3% surtax above $25 million
  • $170 billion by reducing business losses of the wealthy
  • $145 billion by repealing the 2017 tax act's rebate rule regarding prescription drugs
  • $125 billion via a 1% surcharge on corporate stock buybacks

Legislative history[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Budget framework negotiations[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

On July 13, the Democrats of the Senate Budget Committee reached a reconciliation budget limit agreement of $3.5 trillion in spending over the next decade.[49][50] The next day, the Senate released a framework, which included most of the provisions of the AFP.[51] On August 1, Manchin restated his opinion that the bipartisan and reconciliation bills should remain separate, citing concerns about the latter including how it would be paid for and uncertainty regarding whether it would pass.[52] Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez responded by claiming that enough House Democrats would vote to block the passage of the bipartisan bill to force the approval of the incomplete reconciliation bill, citing the possibility of "a lot of corporate lobbyist giveaways" being hidden in the former.[53]

On August 10, the Senate voted along party lines to begin debating a $3.5 trillion budget resolution.[54] Early the next morning, the resolution passed along party lines.[55] In August, a group of several moderate Democratic representatives urged Pelosi to hold a separate House vote on the bipartisan bill,[56] writing, "We will not consider voting for a budget resolution until the bipartisan [bill] passes the House and is signed into law."[57] While reaffirming that the House would not take up the bipartisan bill before the reconciliation bill passes in the Senate,[22] Pelosi announced that she had asked the House Rules Committee to consider the possibility of a rule to advance both packages, though this did not immediately satisfy the group of moderates.[58]

On September 2, Manchin indicated that he only supported between $1–1.5 trillion of the reconciliation package, and called for a "strategic pause".[59] This prompted Biden to state, "I think we can work something out,"[35] and Schumer to say, "We're moving full speed ahead."[60] On September 12, Manchin confirmed that he would not yet support the bill, stating, "We don't have the need to rush into this".[61] Biden subsequently held meetings with Senators Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema to discuss their objections to the package.[62][63] Both House Majority Whip James Clyburn and House Budget Committee chairman John Yarmuth suggested that the bill could be reduced from $3.5 trillion and still meet the president's goals.[64][65]

On September 23, Schumer announced that the White House and both houses of Congress had reached an agreement concerning a bill payment framework, which he described as a "menu of options".[66] The House Budget Committee advanced the bill in a markup session on September 25; it was next expected be reviewed by the House Rules Committee.[67]

House passage[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

House speaker Nancy Pelosi in November 2021, summarizing the final House bill

A procedural vote on a House rule concerning the infrastructure and reconciliation bills, as well as the John Lewis Voting Rights Act, passed along party lines on August 24.[68] On September 7, the administration proposed a stopgap spending bill to avoid a government shutdown at the beginning of October.[69] An initial stopgap bill, which included a provision to raise the debt ceiling, was passed by the House along party lines on September 21,[70] but was subsequently blocked along party lines in the Senate.[71] On September 30, a stopgap bill was passed to keep the government open until December 3, prolonging infrastructure negotiations.[72][69] In early December, a bill was passed to continue funding the government at existing levels through mid-February.[73]

A prospective deadline for the House to advance both the reconciliation and bipartisan bill passed on October 1.[74] On that date, Democratic leaders floated a $2.1 trillion compromise, but Manchin refused to budge above $1.5 trillion.[75] The next day, Pelosi set a new deadline of October 31,[76] having cited Biden's November trip to the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference as a hopeful incentive.[77] On October 3, Congressional Progressive Caucus chairwoman Pramila Jayapal rejected Manchin's suggested spending limit,[78] as well as his insistence on including the Hyde Amendment in an expansion to Medicaid.[79][80] Biden subsequently reaffirmed a target of about $2 trillion,[81] which Manchin signaled being open to.[82] Over the next few weeks, Democratic lawmakers reworked the bill to target the lower cost.[83] Pelosi stated on October 25 that over 90% of its contents had been agreed to.[84] On October 26, legislation for a 15% corporate minimum tax was unveiled;[85] Sinema, a key moderate, stated her support.[48] On October 28, the White House released a framework for the bill.[44] Senate Democrats set a new deadline for around November 19,[86] when the session recessed for Thanksgiving.[87]

On November 1, Manchin stated that he may not support the bill due to it allegedly costing more than claimed in the framework.[88][89] Senate Budget Committee chairman Bernie Sanders argued that the bipartisan bill, which Manchin helped negotiate, ran up to a $250 billion deficit, while the reconciliation bill was fully paid for.[90] On November 5, the House Rules Committee approved a rule, which if adopted, would kick off debate on the bill.[91] Several moderate Democrats requested a score from the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) before lending their support.[92][93] The score was released on November 18, finding that the bill would increase the budget deficit by $367 billion over ten years and that an estimated $127 billion would be offset by revenue generated through increased IRS tax enforcement (differing from the Treasury Department's estimate of $400 billion).[94][95] The same day, the House voted along party lines to advance the bill.[96] On November 19, the bill was passed 220–213 by the House; only one Democrat, Jared Golden of Maine, voted against it,[45] calling an increase in the SALT cap from $10,000 to $80,000 "a $275 billion tax giveaway to millionaires and the wealthy".[97]

Senate revisions[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Initial negotiations[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

The Senate is expected to revise the bill before sending it back to the House for a final vote.[98] The Senate parliamentarian's review was expected to last through the week of December 7,[99][100] after which Schumer hopes to bring the bill to a vote—probably the week before Christmas after negotiations with Manchin and Sinema.[101][102][103][87][104] Manchin has voiced concerns about the bill including its potential effect on inflation and whether it can pass by Christmas;[105][106] he has called for changes to some of the tax provisions and cutting measures including paid family leave (which costs over $200 billion),[43] a methane fee on energy producer emissions, a Medicare expansion to include hearing costs,[107] and the enhanced child tax credit.[108] Manchin has been negotiating with Tom Carper over methane fees and how it would interact with Environmental Protection Agency methane regulations.[109] Senators Sanders, Jon Tester and Bob Menendez have met to consider options to revise the SALT cap.[110]

On December 10, the CBO released a revised score at the request of senator Lindsey Graham and congressman Jason Smith to view the cost of the bill if certain provisions were extended for the full ten years,[111] although they are not actually set to.[106][112] The CBO reported that a 10-year extension of the bill would hypothetically increase the bill's gross cost to $4.9 trillion and increase the deficit by $3 trillion over a decade, assuming that the extensions would not be paid for.[111][113] Republicans rebuked the bill in light of the adjusted score, with Graham later stating that Manchin was "stunned" by it.[113][114] Democrats quickly denounced the report.[112][114][115] National Economic Council Director Brian Deese clarified that the revised score is of a "hypothetical future bill" that Biden would not support,[112] and Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen issued a memo to senators rebutting it as well as a Department of Labor report on the consumer price index indicating that inflation had reached its highest point in 40 years, which the White House attributes to supply-chain issues caused by the pandemic.[116][117] Biden later said that he did not know if he could secure Manchin's support for the bill; the two held talks on December 13 with plans to continue negotiating.[118][107] Earlier on that day, Manchin called the modified CBO score "very sobering" and further objected to the bill's reliance on temporary programs amid high inflation as the major reasons he had not yet backed the bill.[107][119]

Manchin has repeatedly voiced numerous concerns with extending the child tax credit, which is expected to expire. Senate Democrats defended the enhanced child tax credit, arguing that it has greatly reduced child poverty.[108] As of December 2021, the payments reduced child poverty by 30–40% and food insecurity among low-income families by 25%.[120][121] He has demanded that the child tax credit be narrowly tailored with work requirements, which Biden did not agree to.[122][123][121] Manchin argued that Democrats are relying on multiple temporary programs such as the child tax credit that are intended to be extended yearly without funding, and called for the White House to be transparent on its funding in light of the revised CBO score and extend it for 10 years instead of one, which would cost $1.6 trillion. Such an extension would likely force out other priorities in the bill.[107][108][113][124][125] When Manchin was confronted by reporters on news that he wanted to "zero ... out" the child tax credit from the package, he angrily denied wanting to cut it from the bill, calling them "bullshit".[108][126][127][128] Manchin also privately raised concerns that parents would use their child tax credit payments to buy drugs and abuse paid leave to go hunting during deer season, which shocked his colleagues. He denied he made those concerns and stated through a spokesperson he only objected to the cost.[129][130][131] The Census Bureau has published monthly survey data reporting that low-income families that receive the payments have reported using it mostly on necessities like food, utilities, clothing and education.[132]

By mid-December, the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee had stripped a ban on all future offshore drilling from the House bill.[133] Manchin, the committee's chairman, also sought to raise onshore drilling royalty rates for the federal oil and gas leasing program to only 16.7% (from 12.5%), instead of the House bill's 18.75%.[133] On December 16, Biden acknowledged that negotiations with Manchin and both parliamentary and procedural steps regarding reconciliation would delay the bill to 2022 but relayed his optimism that it would pass, as well as the competing priority of voting rights legislation.[134][135][108][136]

Following meetings with Parliamentarian Elizabeth MacDonough to make sure all of the provisions comply with the Byrd Rule necessary for passing a bill via reconciliation,[109] Senate Democrats will need to make changes to a negotiated prescription drug pricing provision in the House bill which MacDonough found as violating the rule.[109] MacDonough also ruled against three separate Democratic proposals to reform immigration.[137] According to the CBO, the third effort would have granted temporary amnesty to about 6.5 million non-U.S. nationals, and many of them and others would have become lawful permanent residents.[138] Some Senate Democrats affirmed that they would seek to include immigration measures regardless of the ruling, with Elizabeth Warren arguing that "The reconciliation bill has included immigration provisions multiple times in the past."[139]

On December 14, Manchin quietly presented the White House with an alternate proposal of a scope closer to $1.75 trillion.[140][141][142][124] Manchin's proposal included universal pre-K funded for 10 years, expanded ACA subsidies, and climate change mitigation efforts, but notably excluded an extension of the child tax credit for which he has repeatedly voiced fiscal concerns.[143] It excluded funding for housing and racial equity initiatives, and included proposed tax hikes that Sinema had already opposed.[144]

Manchin's standoff[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

On December 19, Manchin announced on both Fox News Sunday and his website that he would not support the bill, citing several factors including the bill's structure, high inflation, the national debt, the severe spread of the COVID-19 Omicron variant, and "geopolitical uncertainty as tensions rise with both Russia and China."[145][146][142] Manchin further asserted that many programs, specifically naming the child tax credit, would be extended year after year for the full decade, inflating the bill's true cost.[141][124] The White House, which was surprised and angered at Manchin's sudden reversal after months of negotiations, unsuccessfully tried to contact him before his announcement.[141][147] White House Press Secretary Psaki announced a willingness to continue negotiating with Manchin, but said if he was done negotiating this would represent "a sudden and inexplicable reversal in his position" and a "breach of his commitments" to the president and Democratic lawmakers.[142][141][140] Biden called Manchin the night of the announcement and discussed reengaging in negotiations in 2022.[147]

Amongst others, Representatives Ayanna Pressley and Madeleine Dean criticized Manchin for not negotiating in good faith, and both Pressley and Representative Tom Malinowski suggested that he was derailing Biden's agenda before the 2022 midterm elections.[148][149] Several Senators called for a floor vote to force Manchin to publicly vote against the bill.[142][148][150] Some Democrats called for a piecemeal approach to the bill's contents to sway Manchin and party leaders back into negotiations.[149] Republicans commended Manchin for rejecting the bill.[151][152]

On December 20, Manchin further stated that the bill lacked "accountability" measures to taper its benefits,[153] and criticized White House staff for their handling of negotiations; this including being singled out in a December 16 statement by Biden on the stalled negotiations, which Manchin opposed because he thought it would bring unwanted attention to him and his family.[147][145][154] He also blamed Democrats and activists for ignoring his point of view since July, specifically that the bill should only cost $1.5 trillion, as they need all 50 Senate votes to pass the bill.[145][153] Manchin indicated that he would not soon support a less expensive reconciliation bill, saying he would prefer it go through Senate committee, which could take months; he also stated his preference for the standard legislative process, which would require the support of at least 10 Republicans.[153][149][155] Pelosi vowed that her caucus would not give up, expressing optimism that Manchin would come around.[156] Schumer announced that the Senate would vote on the bill in January 2022 to make public each senator's position.[152][157][158] On December 21, Biden insisted that the bill would fight inflation and address medical costs, expressing optimism he could get Manchin to agree.[157]

One day before the Senate reconvened on January 3, 2022, Axios reported that Manchin was willing to resume negotiations if the enhanced child tax credit was struck or modified to significantly lower the income caps governing eligibility.[159] On that day, Schumer indicated that voting legislation would take immediate precedence.[160] On January 4, Manchin affirmed that "There is no negotiation going on at this time."[161] Some Democrats called to separately pass the climate provisions of the bill after Manchin expressed support on a climate change and clean energy agreement, though he had strong objections to some energy measures he considered punitive to his home state.[162][163]

Manchin had entered discussions with those seeking to gain his support, among them Counselor to the President Steve Ricchetti, Donald Trump's National Economic Council director Larry Kudlow, and Republican senator Mitt Romney of Utah; they declined to discuss their conversations to reporters.[164] Romney had in February 2021 offered an alternative proposal for the child tax credit, which earned criticism from his GOP colleagues as "welfare assistance".[144][165]

On January 8, 2022, Manchin pulled support for his own alternative proposal he presented to the White House in December 2021, after a collapse in negotiations.[164][144] He stated that he is no longer involved in White House discussions[166] and has privately signaled that he is no longer interested in supporting any form of the legislation unless Democrats fundamentally change the bill on his terms.[164][144]

Some Democratic strategists have argued in favor of continuing to negotiate with Manchin to craft a new version of the bill.[167][144] On January 16, Senator Tim Kaine stated that although the full package was effectively dead, he still believed that lawmakers would "find the core of the bill and pass it".[168] The White House subsequently stated that:

The President and his team have been working hard, continuously, with both chambers to pass his economic growth plan for the middle class that will cut the biggest costs families face — like prescription drugs and child care — bring back more jobs from overseas after we made 2021 a record-breaking year for job creation, fight inflation for the long haul, reduce the deficit, and tackle the climate crisis.[169]

On January 19, Biden acknowledged that it would be better to pass "big chunks" of the bill and try to negotiate other aspects later. He expressed that he thought the provisions for clean energy and early education could pass, but expressed doubt about the child tax credit and college tuition aid.[170]

On January 20, Pelosi acknowledged that she expected the bill to be scaled down and rebranded to continue negotiations. She asserted that the bill's provisions related to combatting climate change, expanding health care coverage, and lowering prescription drug costs should remain, but also expressed doubt on universal preschool and the child tax credit.[171] Manchin reiterated that he had pulled support for his compromise bill and that future negotiations would start "from scratch". He maintained that any future bill would have to deal with the pandemic, inflation, the national debt, and prescription drug prices in order to earn his support.[172][173][174] Later in the day, several House Democrats said they would only support a bill if it included an increase to the SALT cap.[175]

On February 1, Manchin stated that he was not in discussions over the bill, calling it "dead" and mentioned inflation, COVID-19 and the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian crisis as more important priorities. His colleague Sanders heavily criticized him for his comments.[176]

Attempts to salvage[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Democrats are attempting to pass key provisions of the bill more in line with Manchin. According to Senator Tim Kaine, who is close to Manchin, his party is aiming to pass pieces of the legislation during the spring, preferably by Memorial Day, or before the congressional reccess in August 2022.[177][178][179] Manchin's spokesperson Sam Runyon stated that Manchin has expressed a willingness to re-engage in negotiations.[180] Progressive Democrats have signaled the possibility of a deal with Manchin, although some have expressed concern.[181][182]

Impact[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Economic[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Analysts from the Tax Foundation, Tax Policy Center, Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget and Moody's Analytics all agreed that the bill will cause a modest short-term increase in inflation and have a marginal impact over the long run.[183] In early December, economist Alan Blinder wrote an opinion article for The Wall Street Journal in favor of passing the bill.[184]

Goldman Sachs cut its economic forecast for the U.S. after Manchin rejected the bill, lowering its GDP growth forecasts in the first three quarters of 2022.[185][186][187] It further noted that upcoming inflation and the Omicron variant's spread would further discourage support for the bill as a priority.[185] Moody's Analytics was also likely to downgrade its U.S. economic forecast in the days after Manchin's announcement.[188]

Energy[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

The bill's clean energy provisions, especially its $320 billion investment in clean energy and electric vehicle tax credits, are expected to fulfill Biden's goal of cutting emissions by 50% by 2030. Congressional Progressive Caucus chair Pramila Jayapal called for executive action on those provisions in light of Manchin expressing his opposition to the bill.[189][190]

Health[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

The passage of the Build Back Better Act would help expand Medicare services for older adults with sensory impairments. The initial proposal of this bill aims to address gaps in Medicare such as dental, vision and hearing coverage–however both dental and vision benefits were removed following objections from Sen. Joe Manchin and Sen. Kyrsten Sinema.[191] Currently, Medicare only covers limited hearing services such as cochlear implantation. The Build Back Better Act would add hearing services subject to Medicare Part B deductible and 20% coinsurance from 2023; these services include hearing aids for moderately severe to profound hearing loss and services offered by audiologists. In the United States, among older adults who can benefit from hearing aids, only 1 in 3 reported ever using them.[192] This is in-part attributable to the lack of treatment access and amount of out of pocket spending required, which is averaged at USD 914.[193] As such, adding coverage for hearing services would help Medicare beneficiaries who otherwise would not be able to afford treatment, receive the care they need and improve health outcomes.[194]

Reactions[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Public opinion[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

According to a Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll survey in early-August, voters narrowly opposed the bill 51%–49%.[195] Shortly after the missed October 1 deadline to pass the reconciliation package, protestors separately confronted Senators Manchin and Sinema.[196][197] A CBC News poll from October 10 showed support for the bill at 54%, with 46% opposed.[198] A Data for Progress/Fighting Chance for Families poll found that support for making the child tax credit permanent (which the bill is only set to continue for a year) was about 50%.[199] A Monmouth University poll from early December showed 61% support for the legislation.[153][200] An online poll by Rasmussen Reports, however, indicates most Americans do not support the bill.[201] The Biden administration faces a decline in approval ratings as they try to cut portions of the bill to gain support of Senators Manchin and Sinema.[202]

International[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

In a letter sent to eight Senate leaders, Deputy Prime Minister of Canada Chrystia Freeland and International Trade Minister Mary Ng detailed their concerns with the extra $4,500 EV tax credit for American-made (union-manufactured) vehicles and threatened that if it is passed, Canada would retaliate by launching a dispute settlement process under the USMCA along with tariffs targeting various American industries, including the auto sector and dairy.[203][204][205]

Mexico also threatened retaliation if the extra $4,500 EV tax credit is passed.[204][205]

Business[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

In a Wall Street Journal conference, Tesla CEO Elon Musk argued that lawmakers should "can" the whole bill over concerns of the federal deficit and the electric vehicle (EV) tax credit, saying that his company "has made roughly two-thirds of all the electric cars in the United States" and that "We don't need the $7,500 tax credit."[206]


Einzelnachweise[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

  1. ↑ a b Erik Wasson, Steven T. Dennis: Manchin Balks at Biden's Corporate Tax Increase, Favors 25% Rate, April 5, 2021. Abgerufen im July 13, 2021 
  2. ↑ a b Burgess Everett, Marianne Levine: 'Time to move on': Infrastructure talks near collapse. In: Politico. 24. Mai 2021, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2021 (englisch).
  3. ↑ Jacob Pramuk: Republicans plan to send Biden nearly $1 trillion infrastructure counteroffer this week. In: CNBC. 25. Mai 2021, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2021 (englisch).
  4. ↑ Shannon Pettypiece, Benjy Sarlin, Elyse Perlmutter-Gumbiner: Biden's $6 trillion budget proposal calls for surge in domestic spending, higher taxes. In: NBC News. 28. Mai 2021, abgerufen am 29. Mai 2021 (englisch).
  5. ↑ Greg Iacurci: Biden budget reiterates 43.4% top capital gains tax rate for millionaires. In: CNBC. 28. Mai 2021, abgerufen am 29. Mai 2021 (englisch).
  6. ↑ Joey Garrison: Biden offers to keep 2017 Trump tax cuts intact in infrastructure counteroffer to GOP. In: USA Today. 3. Juni 2021, abgerufen am 3. Juni 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  7. ↑ Adela Suliman: G-7 strikes landmark deal on taxing multinational tech giants. In: NBC News. 5. Juni 2021, abgerufen am 5. Juni 2021 (englisch).
  8. ↑ Letter to President Biden Regarding Automatic Stabilizers. In: U.S. Representative Jimmy Gomez. 17. Mai 2021, abgerufen am 23. Juni 2021.
  9. ↑ Ayelet Sheffey: Sending 4th and 5th stimulus checks could keep 12 million Americans out of poverty, report finds. In: Business Insider. 22. April 2021, abgerufen am 24. Juni 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  10. ↑ Paul M. Krawzak: Democrats' reconciliation strategy dealt blow by Senate parliamentarian. In: Roll Call. 2. Juni 2021, abgerufen am 2. Juni 2021 (englisch).
  11. ↑ Alexander Bolton: Parliamentarian: Democrats only get one more chance to sidestep GOP this year. In: The Hill. 2. Juni 2021, abgerufen am 3. Juni 2021 (englisch).
  12. ↑ Jordain Carney: Manchin isn't ready to support Democrats passing infrastructure on their own. In: The Hill. 3. Juni 2021, abgerufen am 4. Juni 2021 (englisch).
  13. ↑ Alexander Bolton: Schumer to trigger reconciliation process on Wednesday. In: The Hill. 15. Juni 2021, abgerufen am 16. Juni 2021 (englisch).
  14. ↑ Maria Carrasco: Sanders won't back infrastructure deal with more gas taxes, electric vehicle fees. In: Politico. 20. Juni 2021, abgerufen am 21. Juni 2021 (englisch).
  15. ↑ Jordain Carney: Manchin says Democratic-only infrastructure bill 'inevitable'. In: The Hill. 24. Juni 2021, abgerufen am 28. Juni 2021 (englisch).
  16. ↑ Joseph Zeballos-Roig: Joe Manchin indicated he would cut a Democratic-only infrastructure plan to $2 trillion so it doesn't grow the national debt. In: Business Insider. 27. Juni 2021, abgerufen am 28. Juni 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  17. ↑ Joey Garrison, Ledyard King: 'We have a deal': Biden reaches $1.2 trillion infrastructure compromise with bipartisan group of senators. In: USA Today. 24. Juni 2021, abgerufen am 24. Juni 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  18. ↑ Emma Newburger: Republican senators say bipartisan infrastructure deal can move forward after Biden clarifies position. In: CNBC. 27. Juni 2021, abgerufen am 28. Juni 2021 (englisch).
  19. ↑ Laura Barrón-López, Burgess Everett: Democrats race to push bipartisan infrastructure bill through Senate. In: Politico. 7. Juli 2021, abgerufen am 8. Juli 2021 (englisch).
  20. ↑ Rachel Frazin: Senate committee advances bipartisan energy infrastructure bill. In: The Hill. 14. Juli 2021, abgerufen am 16. Juli 2021 (englisch).
  21. ↑ Cristina Marcos: Pelosi vows no vote on bipartisan deal without Senate action on reconciliation. In: The Hill. 24. Juni 2021, abgerufen am 24. Juni 2021 (englisch).
  22. ↑ a b Scott Wong, Mike Lillis: Pelosi breaks bad news to moderates: No vote on infrastructure this month. In: The Hill. 11. August 2021, abgerufen am 12. August 2021 (englisch).
  23. ↑ Shannon Pettypiece: Biden signs infrastructure bill marking victory in hard-fought legislative battle. In: NBC News. 15. November 2021, abgerufen am 15. November 2021 (englisch).
  24. ↑ Laura Davison, Colin Wilhelm: SALT Relief May Win Inclusion in Senate Democrats Budget Package, July 15, 2021. Abgerufen im July 16, 2021 
  25. ↑ Zachary Halaschak: $3.5 trillion reconciliation bill to include PRO Act, undoing state right-to-work laws. In: Washington Examiner. 14. Juli 2021, abgerufen am 16. Juli 2021 (englisch).
  26. ↑ Rachel Frazin: Democratic senator: Reconciliation package to include clean electricity standard. In: The Hill. 14. Juli 2021, abgerufen am 16. Juli 2021 (englisch).
  27. ↑ Rebecca Beitsch: Budget package includes plan for pathway to citizenship, green cards for millions. In: The Hill. 9. August 2021, abgerufen am 12. August 2021 (englisch).
  28. ↑ Rafael Bernal: House panel advances immigration language for reconciliation bill. In: The Hill. 14. September 2021, abgerufen am 16. September 2021 (englisch).
  29. ↑ Sarah Ferris, Burgess Everett, Laura Barrón-López: Democrats launch immigration reform Hail Mary. In: Politico. 15. Juli 2021, abgerufen am 16. Juli 2021 (englisch).
  30. ↑ Zack Budryk: Reconciliation package's clean electricity program would create over 7M jobs: Analysis. In: The Hill. 9. September 2021, abgerufen am 11. September 2021 (englisch).
  31. ↑ Rachel Frazin: Reconciliation measure including repeal of Arctic refuge drilling advances. In: The Hill. 10. September 2021, abgerufen am 11. September 2021 (englisch).
  32. ↑ Rachel Frazin, Aris Folley: Polluters would help foot the bill for conservation under Democratic spending proposal. In: The Hill. 26. August 2021, abgerufen am 11. September 2021 (englisch).
  33. ↑ Jeff Foust: House Science Committee advances budget reconciliation package. In: SpaceNews. 10. September 2021, abgerufen am 11. September 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  34. ↑ Ian Duncan: House Democrats propose using reconciliation to spend $20 billion on transit and rail In: The Washington Post, September 10, 2021. Abgerufen im September 11, 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  35. ↑ a b Hans Nichols: Manchin privately warns he won't support more than $1.5T of Biden's $3.5T plan. In: Axios. 7. September 2021, abgerufen am 8. September 2021 (englisch).
  36. ↑ Sahil Kapur, Julie Tsirkin: Senate Democrats float tax options to pay for Biden budget. In: NBC News. 3. September 2021, abgerufen am 8. September 2021 (englisch).
  37. ↑ Jarrett Renshaw: White House tells Democrats that corporate tax hike unlikely in current bill -source In: Reuters, October 21, 2021 (englisch). 
  38. ↑ Burgess Everett, Heather Caygle: Sinema blows up Dems' plans to tax high earners, corporations. In: Politico. 20. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 21. Oktober 2021 (englisch).
  39. ↑ a b Luhby Tami, Katie Lobosco: What the Democrats' sweeping social spending plan might include. In: CNN. 19. November 2021, abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2021.
  40. ↑ Margot Sanger-Katz, Alicia Parlapiano: The Democrats Have a Lot of Cutting to Do In: The New York Times, 20. Oktober 2021. Abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  41. ↑ Hans Nichols: Manchin demands progressives pick only 1 of 3 family policy priorities. In: Axios. 7. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2021.
  42. ↑ Rebecca Shabad, Kristen Welker: Biden to unveil new proposal for sweeping spending deal, expects to win full Democratic support. In: NBC News. 28. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 28. Oktober 2021 (englisch).
  43. ↑ a b Jim Tankersley: How Much Does Biden's Spending Bill Actually Cost? In: The New York Times, 20. November 2021. Abgerufen am 1. Dezember 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  44. ↑ a b c President Biden Announces the Build Back Better Framework. In: The White House. 28. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 28. Oktober 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  45. ↑ a b Christina Wilkie: House passes $1.75 trillion Biden plan that funds universal pre-K, Medicare expansion and renewable energy credits. In: CNBC. 19. November 2021, abgerufen am 19. November 2021.
  46. ↑ Teaganne Finn, Ali Vitali, Sahil Kapur: House Democrats add paid family leave back to proposed $1.75T social safety net bill. In: NBC News. 3. November 2021, abgerufen am 3. November 2021 (englisch).
  47. ↑ Naomi Jagoda: Biden administration pushing to include IRS proposal in spending bill despite criticism. In: The Hill. 27. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 28. Oktober 2021 (englisch).
  48. ↑ a b Christina Wilkie, Thomas Franck: Corporate minimum tax proposal unveiled by key Senate Democrats as Biden social bill comes together. In: CNBC. 26. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 28. Oktober 2021 (englisch).
  49. ↑ Caitlin Emma, Jennifer Scholtes: Democrats unveil $3.5T go-it-alone plan to fulfill Biden's agenda. In: Politico. 14. Juli 2021, abgerufen am 14. Juli 2021 (englisch).
  50. ↑ Senate Democrats Announce $3.5 Trillion Budget Agreement. In: NPR. 13. Juli 2021, abgerufen am 14. Juli 2021 (englisch).
  51. ↑ Christina Wilkie: Democrats' $3.5 trillion budget package funds family programs, clean energy and Medicare expansion. In: CNBC. 14. Juli 2021, abgerufen am 1. November 2021.
  52. ↑ Kelsey Tamborrino: Manchin: No guarantee reconciliation package will pass. In: Politico. 1. August 2021, abgerufen am 2. August 2021 (englisch).
  53. ↑ Olafimihan Oshin: Ocasio-Cortez: 'More than enough' votes to prevent infrastructure from passing without reconciliation bill. In: The Hill. 1. August 2021, abgerufen am 2. August 2021 (englisch).
  54. ↑ Ali Zaslav, Clare Foran: Senate opens debate on Democrats' $3.5 trillion budget resolution and begins vote-a-rama. In: CNN. 10. August 2021, abgerufen am 10. August 2021 (englisch).
  55. ↑ The AP: The Senate Passes A $3.5 Trillion Budget Proposal. It's The Latest Win For Biden. In: NPR. 11. August 2021, abgerufen am 11. August 2021 (englisch).
  56. ↑ Jordan Williams: Moderate Democrats push for standalone infrastructure vote. In: The Hill. 7. August 2021, abgerufen am 10. August 2021 (englisch).
  57. ↑ Manu Raju, Daniella Diaz: House Democratic moderates threaten Pelosi's strategy and demand immediate vote on infrastructure bill | CNN Politics. In: CNN. 13. August 2021, abgerufen am 13. August 2021 (englisch).
  58. ↑ Naomi Jagoda: Pelosi floats procedural move on infrastructure bill. In: The Hill. 16. August 2021, abgerufen am 16. August 2021 (englisch).
  59. ↑ Joe Manchin: Opinion | Why I Won't Support Spending Another $3.5 Trillion In: The Wall Street Journal, September 2, 2021. Abgerufen im September 13, 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  60. ↑ Burgess Everett: Schumer rejects Manchin's 'strategic pause' on $3.5T bill. In: Politico. 8. September 2021, abgerufen am 9. September 2021 (englisch).
  61. ↑ Olafimihan Oshin: Manchin says he can't support Biden's $3.5 trillion spending plan. In: The Hill. 12. September 2021, abgerufen am 13. September 2021 (englisch).
  62. ↑ Alexander Bolton: Biden to meet with Sinema, Manchin on Wednesday on $3.5T spending plan. In: The Hill. 15. September 2021, abgerufen am 16. September 2021 (englisch).
  63. ↑ Manu Raju, Lauren Fox: Patience wanes as Democrats demand Sinema and Manchin reveal views on Biden agenda. In: CNN. 29. September 2021, abgerufen am 30. September 2021.
  64. ↑ Mychael Schnell: Clyburn: 'You may not need $3.5 trillion to do what the president wants done'. In: The Hill. 9. September 2021, abgerufen am 13. September 2021 (englisch).
  65. ↑ Olafimihan Oshin: Yarmuth and Clyburn suggest $3.5T package may be slimmed. In: The Hill. 19. September 2021, abgerufen am 24. September 2021 (englisch).
  66. ↑ Alexander Bolton: Schumer announces Senate-House deal on tax 'framework' for $3.5T package. In: The Hill. 23. September 2021, abgerufen am 24. September 2021 (englisch).
  67. ↑ Aris Folley: House panel advances $3.5T spending bill. In: The Hill. 25. September 2021, abgerufen am 26. September 2021 (englisch).
  68. ↑ Jacob Pramuk: House Democrats clear path toward passing $3.5 trillion budget bill and infrastructure plan after breaking stalemate. In: CNBC. 24. August 2021, abgerufen am 24. August 2021 (englisch).
  69. ↑ a b Amanda Macias, Thomas Franck: White House proposes stopgap bill with disaster aid as Congress hashes out trillions in spending. In: CNBC. 7. September 2021, abgerufen am 8. September 2021 (englisch).
  70. ↑ Jacob Pramuk: House passes bill to avoid government shutdown, suspend debt limit — but it faces Senate roadblocks with deadlines near. In: CNBC. 21. September 2021, abgerufen am 21. September 2021 (englisch).
  71. ↑ Allison Pecorin, Trish Turner: Senate Republicans block debt limit measure, stopgap funding as government shutdown looms. In: ABC News. 27. September 2021, abgerufen am 27. September 2021 (englisch).
  72. ↑ Bart Jansen, Savannah Behrmann, Rick Rouan: Live updates: Biden signs bill to avert government shutdown, as infrastructure remains uncertain. In: USA Today. 30. September 2021, abgerufen am 30. September 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  73. ↑ Melissa Quinn, Kathryn Watson, Jack Turman: Biden signs short-term funding bill to avert government shutdown. In: CBS News. 3. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 3. Dezember 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  74. ↑ Lauren Vella, Celine Castronuovo: Pelosi says House working to pass infrastructure bills by Oct 1. In: The Hill. 21. August 2021, abgerufen am 21. August 2021 (englisch).
  75. ↑ Phil Mattingly, Lauren Fox: Capitol Hill set for another desperate push on Biden's agenda as leaders put a $2.1 trillion option on the table. In: CNN. 1. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 5. Oktober 2021.
  76. ↑ Lauren Aratani: Pelosi shifts infrastructure bill deadline to 31 October amid Biden frustration. In: The Guardian. 2. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 3. Oktober 2021 (englisch).
  77. ↑ Kelsey Tamborrino: Pelosi: House faces Glasgow deadline for climate package. In: Politico. 29. September 2021, abgerufen am 5. Oktober 2021 (englisch).
  78. ↑ Quint Forgey: 'That's not going to happen': Jayapal rejects Manchin's $1.5T price tag for Biden's spending plan. In: Politico. 3. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 5. Oktober 2021 (englisch).
  79. ↑ Justin Baragona: Pramila Jayapal: I Won't Vote For Spending Bill That Includes Anti-Abortion Hyde Amendment In: The Daily Beast, October 3, 2021. Abgerufen im October 5, 2021 (englisch). 
  80. ↑ Caroline Vakil: Manchin says reconciliation bill must include controversial Hyde Amendment. In: The Hill. 30. September 2021, abgerufen am 5. Oktober 2021 (englisch).
  81. ↑ Nancy Cordes, Ellis Kim, Ed O'Keefe, Weijia Jiang, Jordan Freiman: Biden sets $1.9 - $2.2 trillion price range for social safety net bill in call with House progressives. In: CBS News. 5. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 6. Oktober 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  82. ↑ Alexander Bolton: Manchin opens door to deal in range of $1.9T to $2.2T. In: The Hill. 5. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 6. Oktober 2021 (englisch).
  83. ↑ Emily Cochrane: With Biden Agenda in Limbo, Democrats Work to Sell an Unfinished Promise In: The New York Times, October 16, 2021. Abgerufen im October 19, 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  84. ↑ Jordain Carney: Democrats ready to put a wrap on dragged-out talks. In: The Hill. 25. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 25. Oktober 2021 (englisch).
  85. ↑ David Morgan: Senate Democrats unveil corporate tax for Biden agenda In: Reuters, October 26, 2021. Abgerufen im October 27, 2021 (englisch). 
  86. ↑ Jordain Carney: Manchin didn't sign off on framework, no 'rush' to get deal. In: The Hill. 2. November 2021, abgerufen am 2. November 2021 (englisch).
  87. ↑ a b United States Senate 117th Congress, 1st Session 2021 Tentative Schedule. In: Senate.gov. Abgerufen am 19. November 2021.
  88. ↑ Clare Foran, Manu Raju, Ali Zaslav: Manchin warns he may vote against Biden social safety net plan as he criticizes key aspects. In: CNN. 1. November 2021, abgerufen am 1. November 2021.
  89. ↑ Annie Grayer, Paul LeBlanc: Jayapal says House progressives ready to 'pass both bills' without commitment from Manchin and Sinema. In: CNN. 1. November 2021, abgerufen am 2. November 2021.
  90. ↑ Jordain Carney: Sanders hits back at Manchin's spending concerns. In: The Hill. 1. November 2021, abgerufen am 2. November 2021 (englisch).
  91. ↑ Phil Mattingly, Lauren Fox: The moment has come for Biden and Pelosi to close the deal on his sweeping agenda. In: CNN. 5. November 2021, abgerufen am 5. November 2021.
  92. ↑ Zolan Kanno-Youngs, Jonathan Weisman: Live Updates: Biden Urges Action as House Democrats Aim to Vote on 2 Marquee Bills In: The New York Times, November 5, 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  93. ↑ Rebecca Shabad, Leigh Ann Caldwell, Sahil Kapur: Democrats set Friday vote on infrastructure bill, further delay massive spending bill. In: NBC News. 5. November 2021, abgerufen am 5. November 2021 (englisch).
  94. ↑ Jacob Pramuk: Biden's social and climate plan is set for a House vote after a CBO analysis said it would slightly boost the deficit. In: CNBC. 18. November 2021, abgerufen am 18. November 2021 (englisch).
  95. ↑ Summary of Cost Estimate for H.R. 5376, the Build Back Better Act | Congressional Budget Office. In: www.cbo.gov. 18. November 2021, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  96. ↑ Sahil Kapur, Teaganne Finn, Haley Talbot: House Democrats delay vote on Build Back Better bill after GOP leader stalls with hourslong speech. In: NBC News. 18. November 2021, abgerufen am 19. November 2021 (englisch).
  97. ↑ Richard Cowan: U.S. Congress panel corrects tax rates for wealthy under Biden's proposal In: Reuters, 23. November 2021. Abgerufen am 2. Dezember 2021 (englisch). 
  98. ↑ Clare Foran, Kristin Wilson, Daniella Diaz: House Democrats pass Biden's social safety net expansion but major obstacles await in the Senate. In: CNN. 19. November 2021, abgerufen am 19. November 2021.
  99. ↑ Jordain Carney: Senate parliamentarian looms over White House spending bill. In: The Hill. 1. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 1. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  100. ↑ Alice Miranda Ollstein, Anthony Adragna: The Senate rules referee will meet with Dems on Monday to begin talking through health care provisions in the social spending package. In: Politico. 3. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 3. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  101. ↑ Jordain Carney: Schumer eyeing Build Back Better vote as soon as week of Dec. 13. In: The Hill. 30. November 2021, abgerufen am 2. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  102. ↑ Jordain Carney: Schumer: 'Goal' is to pass Biden spending bill before Christmas. In: The Hill. 29. November 2021, abgerufen am 30. November 2021 (englisch).
  103. ↑ Liam Reilly, Devan Cole: Schumer says Democrats will negotiate with Manchin and Sinema on Build Back Better plan and wants bill done by Christmas. In: CNN. 21. November 2021, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021.
  104. ↑ Daniella Diaz, Devan Cole: Klobuchar says Senate Democrats will do 'everything to get' Build Back Better passed by Christmas. In: CNN. 12. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2021.
  105. ↑ Manu Raju: Manchin tells senators he's skeptical Build Back Better can pass this year, as doubts grow it will get done by Christmas. In: CNN. 2. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 3. Dezember 2021.
  106. ↑ a b Marianne Levine: Manchin issues warning about rising inflation, as clock ticks on social spending bill. In: Politico. 7. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  107. ↑ a b c d Kaitlan Collins, Kate Sullivan: Biden and Manchin hold 'productive' call as President tries to secure senator's vote on 'Build Back Better' bill. In: CNN. 13. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2021.
  108. ↑ a b c d e Foran Clare, Manu Raju, Phil Mattingly: Talks between Manchin and Biden at standstill as Build Back Better likely stalled until next year. In: CNN. 15. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 15. Dezember 2021.
  109. ↑ a b c Lauren Fox, Ella Nilsen: Democrats face mounting obstacles to finishing BBB. In: CNN. 14. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 16. Dezember 2021.
  110. ↑ Naomi Jagoda: Senators huddle on path forward for SALT deduction in spending bill. In: The Hill. 30. November 2021, abgerufen am 2. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  111. ↑ a b Budgetary Effects of Making Specified Policies in the Build Back Better Act Permanent | Congressional Budget Office. In: Congressional Budget Office. 10. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  112. ↑ a b c Jordain Carney: Graham hopes to sway Manchin against Biden plan with new CBO report. In: The Hill. 10. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  113. ↑ a b c David Lerman: CBO: Fully extended reconciliation bill could cost $3 trillion. In: Roll Call. 10. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  114. ↑ a b Lauren Fox, Manu Raju: CBO issues score on how much Build Back Better would cost if programs were permanent. In: CNN. 10. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021.
  115. ↑ Joseph Zeballos-Roig: Democrats assail Republicans for using 'fake' math in their bid to sway Joe Manchin into derailing Biden's agenda. In: Business Insider. 10. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  116. ↑ Laura Barrón-López: Yellen to lawmakers: Ignore the GOP-pushed analysis of Biden's social spending bill. In: Politico. 10. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  117. ↑ Molly Nagle, Allison Pecorin: Social spending plan will help ease pain from record-breaking inflation: White House. In: ABC News. 10. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  118. ↑ Maegan Vazquez: Biden not sure whether Manchin will back 'Build Back Better' bill ahead of call next week. In: CNN. 10. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021.
  119. ↑ Clare Foran, Manu Raju: Manchin signals major changes needed to win his support on Biden's safety net plan. In: CNN. 13. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2021.
  120. ↑ Yeganeh Torbati: All eyes in Washington and West Virginia are on Manchin as child tax credit, spending bill hang in balance In: The Washington Post, December 16, 2021. Abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  121. ↑ a b Tami Luhby: Biden says he does not support adding a work requirement to the child tax credit. In: CNN. 21. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021.
  122. ↑ Mychael Schnell: Manchin lays down demands for child tax credit: report. In: The Hill. 17. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  123. ↑ Jessica Dean, Ali Zaslav, Tami Luhby: Expanding the child tax credit was a Democratic dream come true -- but it could be on the chopping block. In: CNN. Abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021.
  124. ↑ a b c Manu Raju: 'A 50-50 Senate sucks': Dejected Democrats fret over agenda failure amid grim 2022 outlook. In: CNN. 16. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021.
  125. ↑ Hans Nichols: Manchin seeks child tax credit 'we can afford'. In: Axios. 14. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021.
  126. ↑ Ian Swanson: Manchin yells at reporter: 'You're bull----'. In: The Hill. 15. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  127. ↑ Kerry Eleveld: Manchin, angling to kill Democrats' child tax credit, literally calls reporter 'bullsh*t'. In: Daily Kos. 15. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2021.
  128. ↑ Arthur Delaney: Final Child Tax Credit Payments Go Out Amid Doubt Over Program's Future. In: HuffPost. 16. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  129. ↑ Rebecca Shabad, Garrett Haake, Frank Thorp V, Julie Tsirkin: Manchin privately raised concerns that parents would use child tax credit checks on drugs. In: NBC News. 20. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  130. ↑ Sen. Joe Manchin suggests Child Tax Credit payments would be used to buy drugs. In: ABC News. Abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  131. ↑ Andrew Feinberg: Manchin thought parents would use child credit for drugs, report says. In: The Independent. 20. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  132. ↑ Tara Golshan, Arthur Delaney: Joe Manchin Privately Told Colleagues Parents Use Child Tax Credit Money On Drugs. In: HuffPost. 20. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  133. ↑ a b Ella Nilsen: Manchin moves to strike offshore drilling ban from Senate bill. In: CNN. 16. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 18. Dezember 2021.
  134. ↑ Phil Mattingly: Biden officially acknowledges Build Back Better will miss deadline but says he's 'determined' to see bill on Senate floor 'as early as possible'. In: CNN. 16. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 17. Dezember 2021.
  135. ↑ Statement from President Biden on the Build Back Better Act. In: The White House. 16. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 17. Dezember 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  136. ↑ Burgess Everett, Alex Thompson, Jonathan Lemire: 'Going very poorly': Biden can't nail Manchin down on Dems' bill. In: Politico. 15. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 16. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  137. ↑ Daniella Diaz, Priscilla Alvarez: Senate parliamentarian rejects Democrats' third attempt to include immigration in economic bill. In: CNN. 16. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 17. Dezember 2021.
  138. ↑ Alec Schemmel: Build Back Better Act would grant amnesty to millions of people, CBO says. In: The National Desk. via WKRC, 29. November 2021, abgerufen am 1. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  139. ↑ Jordain Carney, Rafael Bernal: Democrats mull hardball tactics to leapfrog parliamentarian on immigration. In: The Hill. 19. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 20. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  140. ↑ a b Statement from Press Secretary Jen Psaki. In: The White House. 19. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 19. Dezember 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  141. ↑ a b c d Kevin Liptak, Phil Mattingly, Kaitlan Collins: How months of talks between Biden and Manchin over Build Back Better broke down. In: CNN. 19. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 20. Dezember 2021.
  142. ↑ a b c d Alan Fram, Hope Yen: Manchin not backing Dems' $2T bill, potentially dooming it. In: AP News. 19. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 19. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  143. ↑ Phil Mattingly: Manchin's offer to Biden included universal pre-kindergarten and Obamacare expansion, but no child tax credit. In: CNN. 20. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021.
  144. ↑ a b c d e Jeff Stein: Manchin's $1.8 trillion spending offer appears no longer to be on the table In: The Washington Post, January 8, 2022. Abgerufen am 17. Januar 2022 
  145. ↑ a b c Grace Panetta: Sen. Joe Manchin says he got to 'wit's end' over White House staff putting out 'absolutely inexcusable' leaks about his talks with Biden. In: Business Insider. 20. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  146. ↑ Manchin Statement On Build Back Better Act. In: U.S. Senator Joe Manchin of West Virginia. 19. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 20. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  147. ↑ a b c Kevin Liptak, Jeff Zeleny: Biden's relationship with Manchin hits a low point, even as they clear the air. In: CNN. 21. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021.
  148. ↑ a b Daniella Diaz: Manchin says he won't vote for Build Back Better Act. In: CNN. 19. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 19. Dezember 2021.
  149. ↑ a b c Manu Raju: Democrats scramble to avoid electoral blowback after Manchin halts Biden agenda. In: CNN. 20. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021.
  150. ↑ Teaganne Finn: 'Betrayed': House progressives erupt over Manchin Build Back Better opposition. In: NBC News. 19. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 20. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  151. ↑ Fatma Khaled: Republicans applaud Joe Manchin for rejecting Biden's 'terrible' Build Back Better Act. In: Newsweek. 19. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  152. ↑ a b Maeve Reston: Analysis: Biden suffers twin blows from Manchin and another Covid winter. In: CNN. 20. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021.
  153. ↑ a b c d Devan Cole, David Wright: Manchin says he still sees himself as a Democrat even after thwarting Build Back Better plan. In: CNN. 20. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021.
  154. ↑ Jonathan Lemire: Biden and Manchin speak. In: Politico. 20. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  155. ↑ Burgess Everett: Manchin to Dems: Redo the whole thing, maybe I'll vote for it. In: Politico. 20. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  156. ↑ Annie Grayer: Pelosi says Democrats 'will not let this opportunity pass' despite Manchin's stance. In: CNN. 20. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021.
  157. ↑ a b Paul LeBlanc, Manu Raju: Biden insists he and Manchin will 'get something done' after Build Back Better setback. In: CNN. 21. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2021.
  158. ↑ United States Senate Schedule 2022. In: Senate.gov. Abgerufen am 19. Dezember 2021.
  159. ↑ Hans Nichols: Manchin returns to Build Back Better negotiations with demands. In: Axios. 2. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 3. Januar 2022.
  160. ↑ Alexander Bolton: Democrats hit pause on Biden's climate, social spending package. In: The Hill. 4. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 4. Januar 2022 (englisch).
  161. ↑ Burgess Everett: Manchin on Biden's spending bill: 'No negotiation going on'. In: Politico. 4. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 4. Januar 2022 (englisch).
  162. ↑ Ella Nilsen: Separate climate bill not being seriously considered in Senate, despite Manchin's support of the measures. In: CNN. 5. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 6. Januar 2022.
  163. ↑ John Harwood: Analysis: Is there a version of Biden's economic plan Manchin can support? In: CNN. 9. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 10. Januar 2022.
  164. ↑ a b c Joe Manchin appears to have withdrawn offer to back $1.8tn bill on Biden agenda. In: The Guardian. 8. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 10. Januar 2022 (englisch).
  165. ↑ Jeff Stein: Mitt Romney unveils plan to provide at least $3,000 per child, giving bipartisan support to President Biden's effort In: The Washington Post, February 4, 2021. Abgerufen am 17. Januar 2022 
  166. ↑ UPDATE 1-Democratic U.S. Senator Manchin: No talks on Build Back Better plan In: Reuters, 4. Januar 2022. Abgerufen am 10. Januar 2022 (englisch). 
  167. ↑ Joan E. Greve: Democrats could still salvage Build Back Better – and perhaps their midterm prospects. In: The Guardian. 8. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 10. Januar 2022 (englisch).
  168. ↑ Yacob Reyes: Tim Kaine: Build Back Better is 'dead' but core provisions will pass. In: Axios. 16. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 17. Januar 2022.
  169. ↑ Morgan Chalfant: White House dismisses report of new Build Back Better package. In: The Hill. 18. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 19. Januar 2022 (englisch).
  170. ↑ Maegan Vazquez, Kate Sullivan, Jeff Zeleny: Biden signals a change in approach as he heads toward second year of his presidency. In: CNN. 19. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 20. Januar 2022.
  171. ↑ Scott Wong: Pelosi: Build Back Better may need to be 'more limited,' renamed. In: The Hill. 20. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2022 (englisch).
  172. ↑ Jordain Carney: Manchin: Biden spending plan talks would start 'from scratch'. In: The Hill. 20. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2022 (englisch).
  173. ↑ Joseph Zeballos-Roig: Joe Manchin says negotiations on Biden's big bill will be 'starting from scratch' as Democrats scramble to save their economic agenda. In: Business Insider. 20. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  174. ↑ Nicholas Reimann: 'Starting From Scratch': Manchin Says His Counteroffer On Spending Bill No Longer An Option. In: Forbes. 20. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2022 (englisch).
  175. ↑ Jarrett Renshaw: 'No SALT no deal': Democrats vow to block Build Back Better bill without tax break. In: Yahoo! News. 21. Januar 2022, abgerufen am 22. Januar 2022 (englisch).
  176. ↑ Clare Foran, Manu Raju and Ted Barrett: Manchin says Build Back Better 'dead' as talks stall on Biden agenda. In: CNN. Abgerufen am 2. Februar 2022.
  177. ↑ Dems plot spring sprint for party-line spending deal with Manchin. In: Politico.
  178. ↑ On the Money — Dems eye Build Back Better revival. 18. April 2022;.
  179. ↑ https://content.rollcall.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/2022-CQRC-CongressionalCalendar1.27.22.pdf Vorlage:Bare URL PDF
  180. ↑ Manchin ready to engage on reconciliation. 23. März 2022;.
  181. ↑ 'Swallowing a toad': Progressives warm to Manchin's fossil fuel demands to clinch climate package. In: Politico.
  182. ↑ Progressives worry Manchin's climate talk is hot air. April 2022;.
  183. ↑ Katie Lobosco, Tara Subramaniam: What Biden's Build Back Better bill could mean for inflation. In: CNN. 15. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021.
  184. ↑ Alan S. Blinder: Opinion | Look at Build Back Better's Benefits, Not Its Price Tag In: The Wall Street Journal, 5. Dezember 2021. Abgerufen am 8. Dezember 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  185. ↑ a b Matt Egan: Goldman Sachs cuts US economic forecast after Joe Manchin rejects Build Back Better. In: CNN. 19. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 20. Dezember 2021.
  186. ↑ Jesse Pound: Goldman cuts GDP forecast after Sen. Manchin says he won't support Biden's 'Build Back Better' plan. In: CNBC. 20. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  187. ↑ U.S. growth in jeopardy after Manchin says he won't vote for Build Back Better: Goldman Sachs. In: Fortune. Abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  188. ↑ Matt Egan: Mark Zandi of Moody's plans to dim his US economic forecast after Omicron concerns. In: CNN. 20. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021.
  189. ↑ Ella Nilsen: Biden's climate targets are possible without clean energy program, but will need tax credits and regulations. In: CNN. 19. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 26. Dezember 2021.
  190. ↑ Ella Nilsen: 'We really don't have a plan': Biden's climate promises are sunk without Build Back Better, experts say. In: CNN. 21. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 26. Dezember 2021.
  191. ↑ Build Back Better bill: What made it in and what was stripped out of Biden's social safety net package. In: NBC News. Abgerufen am 18. März 2022 (englisch).
  192. ↑ Quick Statistics About Hearing. In: NIDCD. Abgerufen am 18. März 2022 (englisch).
  193. ↑ Karen Pollitz, Usha Ranji, Michelle Long, Meredith Freed: Potential Costs and Impact of Health Provisions in the Build Back Better Act. In: KFF. 23. November 2021, abgerufen am 18. März 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  194. ↑ Nicholas S. Reed, Lama Assi, Wakako Horiuchi, Julie E. Hoover-Fong, Frank R. Lin, Lauren E. Ferrante, Sharon K. Inouye, Edgar R. Miller III, Emily F. Boss, Esther S. Oh, Amber Willink: Medicare Beneficiaries With Self-Reported Functional Hearing Difficulty Have Unmet Health Care Needs: Study examines the level of access to a usual source of care for Medicare beneficiaries who reported hearing loss. In: Health Affairs. 40. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, 1. Mai 2021, ISSN 0278-2715, S. 786–794, doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2020.02371, PMID 33939509, PMC 8323057 (freier Volltext) – (englisch).
  195. ↑ Max Greenwood: Poll shows broad support for bipartisan infrastructure bill. In: The Hill. 2. August 2021, abgerufen am 6. August 2021 (englisch).
  196. ↑ John Bowden: Manchin leans over deck of yacht to say why he'll oppose healthcare expansion. In: The Independent. 3. Oktober 2021, abgerufen am 5. Oktober 2021 (englisch).
  197. ↑ A. J. McDougall: Sinema Slams 'Wholly Inappropriate' Protesters Who Confronted Her in Bathroom In: The Daily Beast, October 3, 2021. Abgerufen im October 5, 2021 (englisch). 
  198. ↑ Anthony Salvanto, Jennifer De Pinto, Kabir Khanna, Fred Backus: What's in Democrats' Build Back Better plan? A lot of Americans don't know poll In: CBS News, October 10, 2021. Abgerufen im November 21, 2021 
  199. ↑ Joseph Zeballos-Roig: Stimulus checks were wildly popular with Americans — but Biden's expanded child tax credit payments just aren't. In: Business Insider. 12. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  200. ↑ Rising Prices Are Top Kitchen Table Worry. In: Monmouth University Polling Institute. Abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  201. ↑ Recent Polls Show The Majority Of Voters Oppose Build Back Better. In: GSI Exchange. 2. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 18. Januar 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  202. ↑ Poll: Biden bets big on Build Back Better — but the more Democrats cut, the less popular it gets. In: news.yahoo.com. Abgerufen am 18. Januar 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  203. ↑ David Ljunggren: Angry Canada threatens to impose tariffs on U.S. goods over EV tax credit plan In: Reuters, 10. Dezember 2021. Abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021 (englisch). 
  204. ↑ a b The Canadian Press: Canada threatens new tariffs on U.S. exports if it approves EV tax credit - National. In: Global News. 10. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  205. ↑ a b Zi-Ann Lum: Canada threatens U.S. with retaliatory tariffs in EV tax credit dispute. In: Politico. 10. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  206. ↑ Fred Lambert: Elon Musk calls for Senate not to pass the Build Back Better Act: 'Tesla doesn't need the $7,500'. In: Electrek. 7. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 8. Dezember 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).

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