Benutzer:Shi Annan/Oak savanna
Eichen-Savanne (Oak Savanna) ist ein pflanzengeographischer Biotopverbund mit Eigenschaften der Savanne oder des spärlich bewaldeten Graslands, wo Eichen (Quercus spp.) die dominante Baumart stellen. Diese Savannen sind historisch entstanden durch Buschbrände durch Blitzschlag oder menschliche Brandstiftung, Beweidung, geringe Niederschlagsmengen und/oder nährstoffarme Böden.
Obwohl es kleinräumige Areale der Oak Savanna fast überall in Nordamerika gibt, wo auch Eichen wachsen, lassen sich drei Hauptverbreitungsgebiete ausmachen: 1) California Oak Woodland, mit Washington und Oregon im Westen; 2) Southwestern United States und Mexiko; sowie 3) Prairie/Wald-Grenze im Midwesten.[1][2] Auch in anderenTeilen der Welt gibt es vergleichbare Eichensavannen.
Midwestern Oak Savannas[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Die Eichensavannen der Midwestern United States form a transition zone between the arid Great Plains to the west and the moist broadleaf and mixed forests to the east. Oak savannas are found in a wide belt from northern Minnesota and southern Wisconsin, down through Iowa, Illinois, northern and central Missouri, eastern Kansas, and central Oklahoma to north-central Texas, with isolated pockets further east around the Great Lakes including Ontario.[3] The bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) is the dominant species in northern oak savannas, although black oak (Quercus velutina), white oak (Quercus alba), and Hill's oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis)are sometimes present. The dominant tree in the south is usually the black oak (Quercus velutina), although the chinquapin oak (Quercus muhlenbergii), post oak (Quercus stellata), and black-jack oak (Quercus marilandica) are also common. The flora of the herbaceous layer generally consists of species associated with tallgrass prairies, both grasses and flowering plants, although some woodland species may be present. There are also a few species that are unique to oak savannas.[4][5][6] Oak savannas, because of their mixture of grassland, woodland, and unique savanna species, typically have a higher plant diversity than grasslands and woodlands combined.
History[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Before European settlement, the oak savanna, a characteristic fire ecology, was extensive and was often a dominant part of the ecosystem. Fires, set by lightning or Native Americans, ensured that the savanna areas did not turn into forests. Only trees with a high tolerance for fire, principally certain oak species, were able to survive. On sandy soils, black oak (Quercus velutina) predominated. On rich soils bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) was the major tree in Midwestern North America. These savanna areas provided habitat for many animals, including American bison, elk, and white-tailed deer.
The most fire-tolerant of the oak species is the bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), which is especially common in hill-country savannas in the Midwest.
European settlers cleared much of the savanna for agricultural use. In addition, they suppressed the fire cycle. Thus surviving pockets of savanna typically became less like savannas and more like forests or thickets. Many oak savanna plant and animal species became extinct or rare.
Restoration[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
With the rise in interest in environmental conservation, restoration and preservation of surviving areas of oak savanna began. Low intensity, spring prescribed burns have been used since 1964 at the Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve in Minnesota in an attempt to restore the area to an oak savanna.[7] Burned areas are now more savanna like (having greater grass and forb and lower shrub and lower tree representation) than unburned areas but still have higher overstory densities than apparently existed in presettlement times. Restoration work began in the 1970s in Illinois, followed by work in Wisconsin, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, and Minnesota.[8]
Current distribution[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Presettlement there was approximately 50,000,000 acres of oak savanna in Midwestern United States, all of it being exclusively in a wide strip stretching from southwestern Michigan to eastern Nebraska and from southern Manitoba to central Texas. After Europeans arrived, fire suppression and settlement diminished the oak savannas to a fraction of their former expanse, which currently exist in many fragmented pockets throughout its native range. Many sites are protected and maintained by government bodies or non-profit organizations such as The Nature Conservancy, the Wisconsin and Minnesota Departments of Natural Resources, and the Iowa Natural Heritage Foundation.
Examples of remnant oak savanna include:
- Neal Smith Wildlife Refuge near Prairie City, Iowa.
- Indiana Dunes National Park in Indiana.
- Numerous State Natural Areas in Wisconsin.
- Lake County Forest Preserve District in Illinois.
- Cook County Forest Preserve District and Iroquois County State Wildlife Area in Illinois.
- Oak Openings Preserve Metropark in Ohio.
- Pinery Provincial Park on Lake Huron in Ontario, Canada.
Examples of restored oak savanna sites:
- Oak savanna restoration project site on Winchell Trail in Minneapolis, Minnesota[9]
- Wisconsin's Pleasant Valley Conservancy State Natural Area.[10]
Einzelnachweise[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
- ↑ Guy R. McPherson: Ecology and Management of North American Savannas. University of Arizona Press, Tucson 1997.
- ↑ Roger A. Anderson, James S. Fralish, Jerry M. Baskin (hgg.): Savannas, Barrens, and Rock Outcrop Plant Communities of North America. Cambridge University Press 1999.
- ↑ Nuzzo, V.A. 1986. Extent and status of Midwest oak savanna: presettlement and 1985. Natural Areas Journal 6: 6-36.
- ↑ W.T. Penfound: The savanna concept in Oklahoma. In: Ecology. 43. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 1962, S. 774–775, doi:10.2307/1933481, JSTOR:1933481.
- ↑ M.D. Abrams: Fire and the development of oak forests. In: BioScience. 42. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, 1992, S. 346–353, doi:10.2307/1311781, JSTOR:1311781 (semanticscholar.org).
- ↑ Packard, Steve. Just a few oddball species: restoration and the recovery of the tallgrass savanna. 1988. Restoration and Management Notes 6:1, 13-22
- ↑ Research Paper NC-266. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station
- ↑ Stevens, William K. 1995. Miracle Under the Oaks: The Revival of Nature in America; New York. Pocket Books
- ↑ Restoration Resource Center USA: Minnesota: Oak Savanna Restoration along an Urban River. In: www.ser-rrc.org. Abgerufen am 26. Dezember 2019.
- ↑ Pleasant Valley Conservancy.
Weblinks[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
- WWF ecoregion|name=Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition |id=na0415}}
- WWF ecoregion|name=Central forest-grasslands transition |id=na0804}}
- Oak Savannas: Characteristics, Restoration, and Long-Term Management
- Pleasant Valley Conservancy State Natural Area (Wisconsin)
- Oak Savannah Documentary produced by Oregon Field Guide
[[Category:California chaparral and woodlands]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of California]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Mexico]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of the United States]]
[[Category:Grasslands]]
[[Category:Nearctic ecoregions]]
[[Category:Plant communities of California]]
[[Category:Plant communities of the Western United States]]
[[Category:Quercus| Savanna]]
[[Category:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]]